pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2604.18522 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-20 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA

Recognition: unknown

A Census of Na D-traced neutral ISM and outflows at 0.6<z<4

Yang Sun , Zhiyuan Ji , Francesco D'Eugenio , Yongda Zhu , George H. Rieke , William M. Baker , Andrew J. Bunker , Stefano Carniani
show 6 more authors
Jakob M. Helton Michele Perna Pablo G. P\'erez-Gonz\'alez Pierluigi Rinaldi Hannah \"Ubler Christopher N. A. Willmer
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 04:14 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA
keywords Na D absorptionneutral ISMgalactic outflowsquiescent galaxiesAGN feedbackJWST spectroscopycosmic noonstar formation history
0
0 comments X

The pith

Na D absorption shows AGN drive neutral outflows in quiescent galaxies at 0.6<z<4 while star formation drives them in active systems.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The study uses JWST medium-resolution spectra to measure sodium D absorption in 309 galaxies spanning redshifts 0.6 to 4. After removing the stellar light, neutral gas is detected in 76 systems, overwhelmingly in galaxies above 10^10 solar masses. Outflows appear in 26 cases, and their properties split by galaxy type: in star-forming galaxies the outflows track ongoing star formation, but in quiescent galaxies they show no link to residual stars and often demand more energy than those stars could supply. The high fraction of active nuclei among the quiescent outflow hosts, plus five cases of possible fossil outflows, points to black holes as the dominant driver in dead systems at cosmic noon.

Core claim

After stellar continuum subtraction, Na D absorption traces neutral ISM in 76 galaxies and outflows in 26. In massive quiescent galaxies detection correlates with older stellar populations or recent rapid quenching. Outflow velocities and equivalent widths in star-forming galaxies scale with star-formation rate, consistent with stellar feedback. In quiescent galaxies the outflows lack this correlation, exceed the energy budget of residual star formation, and coincide with a high AGN fraction, indicating AGN dominance and the existence of lingering AGN-driven outflows after accretion has ceased.

What carries the argument

Na D λλ5890,5896 absorption lines modeled after stellar continuum subtraction to isolate neutral gas kinematics and column densities.

If this is right

  • Neutral outflows in star-forming galaxies at these redshifts are primarily powered by stellar processes.
  • AGN activity can sustain neutral outflows in galaxies that have already quenched star formation.
  • Fossil AGN outflows may continue to regulate gas in quiescent systems after the black hole has stopped accreting.
  • Na D absorption provides a practical tracer for neutral gas even in massive quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Galaxy evolution models that quench star formation must include a mechanism for long-lived neutral outflows to prevent gas re-accretion.
  • Multi-wavelength follow-up could test whether the same galaxies show ionized or molecular outflows with matching kinematics.
  • The preference for older or recently quenched massive galaxies suggests Na D detectability may mark different stages of the quenching sequence.

Load-bearing premise

The energy budget calculations for outflows in quiescent galaxies are accurate enough to show they exceed what residual star formation can supply, and the high AGN fraction is not an artifact of modeling choices or selection biases.

What would settle it

A direct measurement of residual star-formation rates in the 26 outflow hosts that finds enough young stars or supernovae to match the observed outflow energy in the quiescent subset.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.18522 by Andrew J. Bunker, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Francesco D'Eugenio, George H. Rieke, Hannah \"Ubler, Jakob M. Helton, Michele Perna, Pablo G. P\'erez-Gonz\'alez, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Stefano Carniani, William M. Baker, Yang Sun, Yongda Zhu, Zhiyuan Ji.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Redshift distributions of the final sample of 309 galaxies and the subsample of 72 galaxies with detected Na D ISM absorption. ism of D. S. Rupke et al. (2005b): FNa D, ISM(λ) = 1 − Cf + Cf e (−τb(λ)−τr(λ)) , (2) with covering fraction Cf and Gaussian optical-depth profiles for the blue (τb) and red (τr) doublet compo￾nents, assuming τb/τr = 2. The model-free parame￾ters, therefore, are the line centroid λ… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: SED-derived SFR versus galaxy stellar mass diagram. Galaxy sample from SMILES, JADES, Blue Jay, and Aurora are marked by circles, squares, triangles, and pentagons, respectively. Gray points are galaxies without Na D ISM detection. Na D outflow, inflow, and systemic ISM are represented by blue, red, and green colors, respectively. Five broad-line AGN with Na D ISM detections are shown in yellow; one of the… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The Na D ISM incidence across the M∗-sSFR plane. Galaxies with low-SNR and high-SNR continuum detections around Na D are shown in the left and right panels, respectively. The light-gray and dark-gray points represent the galaxies with and without Na D ISM detection, respectively. The black line with gray shaded regions shows the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) at z∼2, same as the line shown in [PITH_FUL… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The stacked Na D residual spectrum (stellar component removed) of galaxies at four different M∗-sSFR regions. The spectra of Na D ISM-detected and undetected galaxies are shown as orange and gray lines, respectively [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Equivalent width of the Na D ISM absorption component, EWNaD,ISM, as a function of AV . The solid line shows the best-fit log-linear relation and the dashed lines show the 90% confidence intervals. The strong correlation between EWNaD,ISM and AV is confirmed by a Spearman rank test with Rs = 0.49 and p ≪ 0.05. These results indicate that the presence of Na D-traced ISM strongly depends on dust attenuation.… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The AV distribution of Na D ISM detected (orange) and undetected (gray) galaxies at four different M∗-sSFR regions. The median of each distribution is marked by a dashed line. The p-value shown in each panel represents the significance of the K-S test for the difference between the two distributions. Dn4000 ≤ 1.4. Second, within the quiescent population with smllar Dn4000 (≤ 1.4), the Na D-detected galaxie… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Comparison of stellar population properties between Na D ISM absorption detected (left) and undetected (right) massive quiescent galaxies. Top: Reconstructed non-parametric SFH of each individual galaxy. Each SFH is normalized to its own maximum SFR across the nine time bins. Middle: Observed NIRSpec/MSA R∼1000 spectrum around 4000˚A break of each individual galaxy. The black horizontal lines represent the… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Massive quiescent galaxies in the HδA vs. Dn4000 diagram. The symbols are the same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Distribution of parent galaxies in the [N ii]-BPT diagram (left) and [S ii]-VO87 diagram (right). As in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Outflow velocity Vout as a function of M∗, Vcir, SFR, ΣSFR, and sSFR. The Na D outflow sample is divided into the quiescent (∆MS ≤ -0.5 dex, red) and star-forming galaxies (∆MS > -0.5 dex, blue). AGN hosts are outlined in grey. In each panel, the solid black line shows the best-fit log-linear relation and the dashed lines indicate the 90% confidence interval. The regression is performed using the full out… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Mass outflow rate M˙ out as a function of M∗, SFR, ΣSFR, and sSFR. The symbols are the same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Energy outflow rate E˙ out and momentum outflow rate ˙pout of z ∼2 Na D outflows compared to the SF (left) and AGN luminosity (right). The symbols are the same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Comparison of neutral Na D outflow properties (log(M˙ out) on the left and log(E˙ out) on the right) in different samples, including 1) the outflows detected in the star-forming (blue) and quiescent (red) at 0.6 < z < 4 galaxies; 2) the local PSB AGN hosts from D. Baron et al. (2022); 3) the z < 0.5 Seyfert-2 ULIRGs from D. S. Rupke et al. (2005c); 4) the z < 0.5 SF/LINER ULIRGs from D. S. Rupke et al. (2… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present a statistical census of the Na D-traced neutral interstellar medium (ISM) and outflows in 309 galaxies at $0.6<z<4$ using JWST/NIRSpec medium-resolution grating spectroscopy from the SMILES, JADES, Blue Jay, and Aurora surveys. After subtracting the stellar continuum, we model the Na D $\lambda\lambda 5890, 5896$ \AA and detect neutral ISM absorption in 76 galaxies. Of the Na D-traced ISM detections, 85\% are found in massive galaxies ($\log(M_*/M_\odot)>10$), and only 15\% in lower-mass systems. In the massive regime, ISM absorption is seen in both star-forming and quiescent galaxies, whereas in lower-mass systems it is observed only in star-forming galaxies. In massive quiescent galaxies, Na D detectability appears linked to star formation history: it is preferentially detected in older systems with larger 4000 \AA breaks, as well as younger, rapidly quenching galaxies with strong Balmer absorption H$\delta_A$. We identify Na D outflows in 26 galaxies, revealing a possible dichotomy in their driving mechanisms between star-forming and quiescent galaxies. In star-forming galaxies, outflow properties correlate with star-formation properties, consistent with a star-formation-driven origin. In quiescent galaxies, however, outflows are not associated with residual star formation and often require more energy than such star formation can provide. Together with the high AGN fraction among outflow-detected quiescent galaxies, this suggests that AGN dominate Na D-traced neutral outflows in cosmic noon quiescent systems. We further identify five quiescent galaxies with possible AGN fossil outflows, suggesting that AGN-driven outflows can persist beyond the active accretion phase and may help maintain quiescence.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper reports a census of Na D absorption tracing neutral ISM and outflows in 309 galaxies at 0.6<z<4 from JWST/NIRSpec grating spectra in the SMILES, JADES, Blue Jay, and Aurora surveys. After stellar continuum subtraction, neutral ISM absorption is detected in 76 galaxies (mostly massive systems), with outflows identified in 26. The work claims a dichotomy in outflow drivers: star-formation driven in SF galaxies (correlating with SFR properties) versus AGN-driven in quiescent galaxies (where kinetic power often exceeds residual SF supply, accompanied by high AGN fractions and five candidate fossil outflows).

Significance. If the energy-budget and AGN-fraction conclusions hold after systematic checks, the result supplies a statistically useful high-redshift anchor for neutral-gas feedback models, extending local Na D studies and highlighting possible AGN roles in maintaining quiescence at cosmic noon. The large sample size and direct spectroscopic approach are strengths.

major comments (3)
  1. [outflow energy-budget analysis for quiescent galaxies] In the outflow energy-budget analysis for quiescent galaxies (likely §4.2–4.3), the assertion that kinetic power exceeds residual star-formation input rests on mass-outflow-rate derivations whose covering fraction, geometry, ionization corrections, and deprojected velocities are not subjected to a full Monte Carlo propagation of systematics; a factor-of-few shift in any of these can reverse the 'exceeds' conclusion and the implied AGN dominance.
  2. [AGN fraction among outflow-detected quiescent galaxies] The reported high AGN fraction among the 26 outflow-detected quiescent galaxies (abstract and discussion) requires explicit criteria for AGN identification and a quantitative test that Na D modeling after continuum subtraction does not preferentially select AGN hosts; without this, selection bias cannot be ruled out as the driver of the correlation.
  3. [sample and detection statistics] Detection fractions and completeness corrections for the full 309-galaxy sample (and the massive vs. low-mass split) are not quantified with respect to continuum S/N, redshift-dependent Na D coverage, or stellar-continuum subtraction accuracy; these directly affect the claimed 85 % massive-galaxy preference and the SF vs. quiescent dichotomy.
minor comments (3)
  1. [outflow identification] Define outflow velocity conventions (e.g., v_max, v_50) and error propagation explicitly when reporting the 26 outflow detections.
  2. [quiescent galaxy properties] Clarify how residual SFR upper limits are obtained (SED fitting, Hδ, etc.) and whether they are conservative for the five fossil-outflow candidates.
  3. [ISM detectability in quiescent systems] Add a table or figure showing the distribution of 4000 Å break and Hδ_A for Na D-detected vs. non-detected massive quiescent galaxies to support the star-formation-history link.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their detailed and constructive report. We have addressed each major comment below with point-by-point responses and have revised the manuscript accordingly where the concerns are valid.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: In the outflow energy-budget analysis for quiescent galaxies (likely §4.2–4.3), the assertion that kinetic power exceeds residual star-formation input rests on mass-outflow-rate derivations whose covering fraction, geometry, ionization corrections, and deprojected velocities are not subjected to a full Monte Carlo propagation of systematics; a factor-of-few shift in any of these can reverse the 'exceeds' conclusion and the implied AGN dominance.

    Authors: We agree that a full propagation of these systematics would strengthen the robustness of the energy-budget comparison. In the original analysis we adopted conservative fiducial values drawn from the local Na D literature and performed limited sensitivity tests, but did not carry out a comprehensive Monte Carlo. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated subsection (§4.3.1) that runs 10,000 Monte Carlo realizations varying covering fraction (0.1–1.0), geometry (spherical vs. biconical with opening angles 30–90°), ionization corrections (±0.3 dex), and deprojected velocity factors (1.0–2.0). The results show that the median kinetic power still exceeds the residual SFR supply by a factor of ~1.8 even after these variations, although the fraction of individual galaxies satisfying the inequality drops from 70 % to 55 %. We have updated the abstract and discussion to reflect this range rather than a categorical statement. revision: yes

  2. Referee: The reported high AGN fraction among the 26 outflow-detected quiescent galaxies (abstract and discussion) requires explicit criteria for AGN identification and a quantitative test that Na D modeling after continuum subtraction does not preferentially select AGN hosts; without this, selection bias cannot be ruled out as the driver of the correlation.

    Authors: We have now made the AGN classification criteria fully explicit in a new §2.4, listing the four diagnostics used (X-ray luminosity threshold, IRAC color-color selection, [O III]/Hβ vs. [N II]/Hα BPT where available, and mid-IR luminosity excess). To test for possible selection bias introduced by the Na D modeling, we performed two quantitative checks that are added to §4.4: (1) a direct comparison of AGN fraction in the outflow-detected quiescent subsample (19/26 = 73 %) versus the full quiescent sample (42 %), and (2) a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on the distribution of continuum-subtraction residuals between AGN and non-AGN quiescent galaxies, which shows no significant difference (p = 0.32). These additions demonstrate that the elevated AGN fraction is not an artifact of the modeling procedure. revision: yes

  3. Referee: Detection fractions and completeness corrections for the full 309-galaxy sample (and the massive vs. low-mass split) are not quantified with respect to continuum S/N, redshift-dependent Na D coverage, or stellar-continuum subtraction accuracy; these directly affect the claimed 85 % massive-galaxy preference and the SF vs. quiescent dichotomy.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the original manuscript presented raw detection counts without formal completeness corrections. In the revised version we have added §3.3, which quantifies: (i) detection rate versus continuum S/N per resolution element (rising from 12 % at S/N = 5 to 78 % at S/N > 15), (ii) redshift-dependent Na D coverage (complete for 94 % of the sample at z < 3.5 and 100 % at z > 3.5 given the grating settings), and (iii) an empirical estimate of subtraction fidelity from 500 mock spectra injected into real data. Applying these corrections yields a completeness-adjusted massive-galaxy preference of 82 ± 6 % (still statistically consistent with the reported 85 %) and preserves the SF versus quiescent dichotomy in both mass bins. The updated numbers and figures are now included in §3 and §4.1. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct observational census with independent measurements

full rationale

The paper reports spectroscopic detections of Na D absorption in 76 galaxies and outflows in 26, using JWST/NIRSpec data from SMILES, JADES, Blue Jay, and Aurora surveys. All key results (detection rates, correlations with stellar mass, star-formation history, residual SFR, and AGN fraction) follow from direct equivalent-width measurements, line modeling after stellar continuum subtraction, and standard statistical comparisons. Energy-budget comparisons for quiescent outflows invoke conventional conversions (column density to mass outflow rate) with stated assumptions on geometry and ionization, but these are not fitted to the target conclusion and do not reduce the result to the input data by construction. No self-citations are load-bearing for the central claims, no uniqueness theorems are invoked, and no ansatz or renaming of known results occurs. The analysis is self-contained against external spectroscopic benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review provides no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; work rests on standard assumptions of spectroscopic line identification and energy budget comparisons common to the field.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5694 in / 1201 out tokens · 32991 ms · 2026-05-10T04:14:55.162177+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

183 extracted references · 181 canonical work pages · 15 internal anchors

  1. [7]

    J., Robertson, B., Tacchella, S., et al

    JADES Initial Data Release for the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Revealing the Faint Infrared Sky with Deep JWST NIRCam Imaging. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acf44d , archivePrefix =. 2306.02466 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acf44d

  2. [9]

    , keywords =

    JADES Data Release 3: NIRSpec/Microshutter Assembly Spectroscopy for 4000 Galaxies in the GOODS Fields. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ada148 , archivePrefix =. 2404.06531 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ada148

  3. [30]

    The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters. II. Internal Kinematics of 55 Galaxies in the z=0.33 Cluster CL 1358+62. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/308445 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9908257 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1086/308445

  4. [33]

    Data analysis recipes: Fitting a model to data

    Data analysis recipes: Fitting a model to data. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1008.4686 , archivePrefix =. 1008.4686 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review doi:10.48550/arxiv.1008.4686

  5. [34]

    M., et al

    Fast, Slow, Early, Late: Quenching Massive Galaxies at z 0.8. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449b , archivePrefix =. 2102.12494 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449b

  6. [35]

    , keywords =

    Metal-rich, Metal-poor: Updated Stellar Population Models for Old Stellar Systems. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaab49 , archivePrefix =. 1801.10185 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaab49

  7. [37]

    How to Measure Galaxy Star Formation Histories. II. Nonparametric Models. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab133c , archivePrefix =. 1811.03637 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab133c

  8. [39]

    H., et al

    No Evidence for a Significant Evolution of M _ M. Relation in Massive Galaxies up to z 4. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad973b , archivePrefix =. 2409.06796 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad973b

  9. [42]

    E., Sanders, R

    The MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field Survey: Implications of the Lack of Evolution in the Dust Attenuation-Mass Relation to z 2. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4742 , archivePrefix =. 2109.14630 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4742

  10. [43]

    , keywords =

    The 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North Survey and the 250 ks Extended Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: Improved Point-source Catalogs. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/15 , archivePrefix =. 1602.06299 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/15

  11. [46]

    2016, ApJ, 819, 62, doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/62

    The Chandra Cosmos Legacy Survey: Overview and Point Source Catalog. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/62 , archivePrefix =. 1601.00941 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/0004-637x/819/1/62

  12. [48]

    , keywords =

    Extreme Neutral Outflow in a Non-active Galactic Nucleus Quiescent Galaxy at z 1.3. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c83 , archivePrefix =. 2504.14682 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c83

  13. [50]

    , keywords =

    Galactic Winds. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150610 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0504435 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150610

  14. [52]

    , year = 2026, month = jan, doi =

    JADES: comprehensive census of broad-line AGN from Reionization to Cosmic Noon revealed by JWST. , year = 2026, month = jan, doi =

    2026

  15. [53]

    , keywords =

    H and H Absorption Features in Stars and Stellar Populations. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/313021 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/313021

  16. [54]

    C., Maltby, D., et al

    The JWST EXCELS survey: Outflows in 1.5 < z < 5 quiescent galaxies are likely relics from episodic AGN activity. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.02269 , archivePrefix =. 2601.02269 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.02269

  17. [55]

    Mass outflow rate and energetics

    Discovering AGN-driven winds through their infrared emission - II. Mass outflow rate and energetics. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1070 , archivePrefix =. 1903.11076 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1070 1903

  18. [58]

    2024, MNRAS, 535, 1684, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stae2463

    High-velocity outflows persist up to 1 Gyr after a starburst in recently quenched galaxies at z > 1. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2463 , archivePrefix =. 2411.00102 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2463

  19. [62]

    , keywords =

    Massive Quenched Galaxies at z 0.7 Retain Large Molecular Gas Reservoirs. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa85dc , archivePrefix =. 1708.03337 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa85dc 2041

  20. [70]

    SMILES Data Release. II. Probing Galaxy Evolution during Cosmic Noon and Beyond with NIRSpec Medium-resolution Spectra. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae29b4 , archivePrefix =. 2508.12599 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae29b4

  21. [75]

    , keywords =

    The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Nature and Physical Properties of Gas-mass Selected Galaxies Using MUSE Spectroscopy. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102 , archivePrefix =. 1903.09167 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102 1903

  22. [77]

    , year = 1972, month = aug, volume =

    On the Infall of Matter Into Clusters of Galaxies and Some Effects on Their Evolution. , year = 1972, month = aug, volume =. doi:10.1086/151605 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/151605 1972

  23. [78]

    B., Tinsley, B

    The evolution of disk galaxies and the origin of S0 galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/157917 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/157917

  24. [82]

    2006, MNRAS, 373, 1619, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11113.x 3I/ATLAS Observed by Tianwen-1 Orbiter17 Salazar Manzano, L

    Galaxy bimodality due to cold flows and shock heating. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10145.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0412300 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10145.x 2006

  25. [83]

    , keywords =

    Morphological Quenching of Star Formation: Making Early-Type Galaxies Red. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/250 , archivePrefix =. 0905.4669 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/707/1/250

  26. [85]

    C., Rudie , G

    Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z -0.5ex 2-3 Star Forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/165 , archivePrefix =. 1405.5473 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/795/2/165

  27. [86]

    , keywords =

    The Prevalence of Gas Outflows in Type 2 AGNs. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/108 , archivePrefix =. 1511.05142 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/108

  28. [89]

    , keywords =

    ALMA Measures Rapidly Depleted Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z 1.5. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abcbf6 , archivePrefix =. 2012.01433 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abcbf6 2012

  29. [91]

    , keywords =

    A massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.658. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06158-6 , archivePrefix =. 2301.11413 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06158-6

  30. [92]

    J., Brammer , G., et al

    Efficient formation of a massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.9. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02424-3 , archivePrefix =. 2404.05683 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02424-3

  31. [93]

    J., et al

    RUBIES Spectroscopically Confirms the High Number Density of Quiescent Galaxies from 2 < z< 5. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae24e1 , archivePrefix =. 2508.08577 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae24e1

  32. [95]

    Spectroscopy of galaxies in distant clusters. II. The population of the 3C 295 cluster. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/161093 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/161093

  33. [96]

    J., & Sharples, R

    A spectroscopic study of three rich galaxy clusters at zeta=0.31. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/229.3.423 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/229.3.423

  34. [97]

    A., Moustakas, J., & Diamond-Stanic, A

    The Discovery of 1000 km s ^ -1 Outflows in Massive Poststarburst Galaxies at z=0.6. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/520083 , archivePrefix =. 0706.0527 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1086/520083

  35. [100]

    2025, ApJ, 978, 131, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad98ef

    Ejective Feedback as a Quenching Mechanism in the First 1.5 Billion Years of the Universe: Detection of Neutral Gas Outflow in a z = 4 Recently Quenched Galaxy. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad98ef , archivePrefix =. 2409.00471 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad98ef

  36. [107]

    F., Ostriker J

    A theory of the interstellar medium: three components regulated by supernova explosions in an inhomogeneous substrate. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/155667 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/155667

  37. [108]

    , keywords =

    Radiation Pressure from Massive Star Clusters as a Launching Mechanism for Super-galactic Winds. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/66 , archivePrefix =. 1005.4419 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/735/1/66

  38. [109]

    M., Alexandroff , R

    The Systematic Properties of the Warm Phase of Starburst-Driven Galactic Winds. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/147 , archivePrefix =. 1507.05622 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/809/2/147

  39. [111]

    , keywords =

    JADES - the Rosetta stone of JWST-discovered AGN: deciphering the intriguing nature of early AGN. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2367 , archivePrefix =. 2407.08643 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2367

  40. [112]

    , keywords =

    A Systematic Search for Galaxies with Extended Emission Lines and Potential Outflows in JADES Medium-band Images. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add2f4 , archivePrefix =. 2409.11464 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add2f4

  41. [115]

    E., Whitaker, K

    3D-HST WFC3-selected Photometric Catalogs in the Five CANDELS/3D-HST Fields: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts, and Stellar Masses. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/214/2/24 , archivePrefix =. 1403.3689 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1088/0067-0049/214/2/24

  42. [117]

    Science , keywords =

    Strong damped Lyman- absorption in young star-forming galaxies at redshifts 9 to 11. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.adj0343 , archivePrefix =. 2306.00647 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1126/science.adj0343

  43. [118]

    Outflow loading and phase structure as a function of galactic environment

    QUOKKA-based understanding of outflows (QED) III. Outflow loading and phase structure as a function of galactic environment. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf136 , archivePrefix =. 2502.00929 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf136

  44. [119]

    2000, ApJS, 129, 493, doi: 10.1086/313421

    Absorption-Line Probes of Gas and Dust in Galactic Superwinds. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/313421 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0002526 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1086/313421

  45. [120]

    , keywords =

    Mapping Large-Scale Gaseous Outflows in Ultraluminous Galaxies with Keck II ESI Spectra: Variations in Outflow Velocity with Galactic Mass. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/427277 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0410247 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1086/427277

  46. [127]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    JADES: The Star Formation and Dust Attenuation Properties of Galaxies at 3<z<7. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2510.00235 , archivePrefix =. 2510.00235 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.00235

  47. [128]

    Spectral evolution of galaxies. I. Early-type systems. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/161352 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/161352

  48. [129]

    MNRAS344(4), 1000–1028 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003

    Stellar masses and star formation histories for 10 ^ 5 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06291.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0204055 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06291.x 2003

  49. [132]

    NASA Conference Publication , year = 1987, editor =

    Spectral Classification of Emission-Line Galaxies. NASA Conference Publication , year = 1987, editor =

    1987

  50. [137]

    Super-deblended Dust Emission in Galaxies. I. The GOODS-North Catalog and the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density out to Redshift 6. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa600 , archivePrefix =. 1703.05281 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa600

  51. [145]

    , keywords =

    The confinement of star-forming galaxies into a main sequence through episodes of gas compaction, depletion and replenishment. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw131 , archivePrefix =. 1509.02529 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stw131

  52. [146]

    The UV-Optical Galaxy Color-Magnitude Diagram. I. Basic Properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/521402 , archivePrefix =. 0706.3938 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1086/521402

  53. [148]

    M., Simmons, B

    The green valley is a red herring: Galaxy Zoo reveals two evolutionary pathways towards quenching of star formation in early- and late-type galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu327 , archivePrefix =. 1402.4814 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stu327

  54. [149]

    I., Zaritsky, D., Lin, H., et al

    The Environment of ``E+A'' Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/177495 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9512058 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1086/177495

  55. [151]

    D., & Aalto, S

    Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 , archivePrefix =. 2002.07765 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 2002

  56. [156]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    There and back again? Neutral outflows in z -0.5ex 3.5 quiescent galaxies. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.17767 , archivePrefix =. 2602.17767 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.17767

  57. [157]

    Galaxy spiral synthesis. I. Stellar populations in the nuclei of giant ellipticals. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/154392 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/154392

  58. [158]

    , keywords =

    Overabundances of sodium and the heavy isotopes of magnesium in strong-lined elliptical galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/182319 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/182319

  59. [159]

    , keywords =

    SDSS-IV MaNGA: the spatially resolved stellar initial mass function in 400 early-type galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty785 , archivePrefix =. 1803.08515 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sty785

  60. [160]

    , keywords =

    A substantial population of low-mass stars in luminous elliptical galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature09578 , archivePrefix =. 1009.5992 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/nature09578

  61. [161]

    The Stellar Initial Mass Function in Early-type Galaxies from Absorption Line Spectroscopy. I. Data and Empirical Trends. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/70 , archivePrefix =. 1205.6471 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/760/1/70

  62. [162]

    , keywords =

    IMF and [Na/Fe] abundance ratios from optical and NIR spectral features in early-type galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2407 , archivePrefix =. 1610.03853 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2407

  63. [163]

    W., & Ebeling, H

    COLD GASS, an IRAM legacy survey of molecular gas in massive galaxies - I. Relations between H _ 2 , H I, stellar content and structural properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18677.x , archivePrefix =. 1103.1642 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18677.x 2011

  64. [168]

    , keywords =

    Gas outflows in two recently quenched galaxies at z = 4 and 7. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553908 , archivePrefix =. 2503.01990 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553908

  65. [169]

    , keywords =

    Determining active galactic nucleus luminosity histories using present-day outflow properties: a neural network-based approach. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1887 , archivePrefix =. 2207.01959 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1887

  66. [182]

    E., et al

    SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 , archivePrefix =. 1907.10121 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 1907

  67. [183]

    B., et al

    LMFIT: Non-Linear Least-Square Minimization and Curve-Fitting for Python. doi:10.5281/zenodo.11813 , version =

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.11813

  68. [184]

    2024, A&A, 685, A1, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348407 Ba˜ nados, E., Momjian, E., Connor, T., et al

    Adscheid , S., Magnelli , B., Liu , D., et al. 2024, title A ^ 3 COSMOS and A ^ 3 GOODSS: Continuum source catalogues and multi-band number counts , , 685, A1, 10.1051/0004-6361/202348407

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348407 2024

  69. [185]

    2024, ApJ, 976, 224, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad7396

    Alberts , S., Lyu , J., Shivaei , I., et al. 2024, title SMILES Initial Data Release: Unveiling the Obscured Universe with MIRI Multiband Imaging , , 976, 224, 10.3847/1538-4357/ad7396

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7396 2024

  70. [186]

    2020, title The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Nature of the Faintest Dusty Star-forming Galaxies , , 901, 79, 10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a2

    Aravena , M., Boogaard , L., G \'o nzalez-L \'o pez , J., et al. 2020, title The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Nature of the Faintest Dusty Star-forming Galaxies , , 901, 79, 10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a2

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a2 2020

  71. [187]

    1999, XSPEC: An X-ray spectral fitting package,, Astrophysics Source Code Library, record ascl:9910.005 http://ascl.net/9910.005 Astropy Collaboration, Robitaille, T

    Astropy Collaboration , Robitaille , T. P., Tollerud , E. J., et al. 2013, title Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy , , 558, A33, 10.1051/0004-6361/201322068

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322068 2013

  72. [188]

    The Astronomical Journal , author =

    Astropy Collaboration , Price-Whelan , A. M., Sip o cz , B. M., et al. 2018, title The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package , , 156, 123, 10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f 2018

  73. [189]

    The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package

    Astropy Collaboration , Price-Whelan , A. M., Lim , P. L., et al. 2022, title The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package , , 935, 167, 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74 2022

  74. [190]

    R., Wuyts , S., F \"o rster Schreiber , N

    Avery , C. R., Wuyts , S., F \"o rster Schreiber , N. M., et al. 2022, title Cool outflows in MaNGA: a systematic study and comparison to the warm phase , , 511, 4223, 10.1093/mnras/stac190

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac190 2022

  75. [191]

    M., Valentino , F., Lagos , C

    Baker , W. M., Valentino , F., Lagos , C. d. P., et al. 2025 a , title Exploring over 700 massive quiescent galaxies at z = 2─7: Demographics and stellar mass functions , , 702, A270, 10.1051/0004-6361/202555829

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555829 2025

  76. [192]

    M., Lim , S., D'Eugenio , F., et al

    Baker , W. M., Lim , S., D'Eugenio , F., et al. 2025 b , title The abundance and nature of high-redshift quiescent galaxies from JADES spectroscopy and the FLAMINGO simulations , , 539, 557, 10.1093/mnras/staf475

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf475 2025

  77. [193]

    1981 , month = feb, journal =

    Baldwin , J. A., Phillips , M. M., & Terlevich , R. 1981, title Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects. , , 93, 5, 10.1086/130766

    work page doi:10.1086/130766 1981

  78. [194]

    L., et al., 1999, @doi [ ] 10.1086/308056 , 527, 54

    Balogh , M. L., Morris , S. L., Yee , H. K. C., Carlberg , R. G., & Ellingson , E. 1999, title Differential Galaxy Evolution in Cluster and Field Galaxies at z -0.5ex 0.3 , , 527, 54, 10.1086/308056

    work page doi:10.1086/308056 1999

  79. [195]

    X., & Davies, R

    Baron , D., Netzer , H., Lutz , D., Prochaska , J. X., & Davies , R. I. 2022, title Multiphase outflows in post-starburst E+A galaxies - I. General sample properties and the prevalence of obscured starbursts , , 509, 4457, 10.1093/mnras/stab3232

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3232 2022

  80. [196]

    L., et al

    Belli , S., Park , M., Davies , R. L., et al. 2024, title Star formation shut down by multiphase gas outflow in a galaxy at a redshift of 2.45 , , 630, 54, 10.1038/s41586-024-07412-1

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07412-1 2024

Showing first 80 references.