arxiv: 2604.19288 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-21 · ⚛️ nucl-th · hep-ph· nucl-ex

Recognition: unknown

Geometric bias and centrality dependence of jet quenching in high-energy nuclear collisions

Changle Sun, Shanshan Cao, Yichao Dang

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 01:36 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-th hep-phnucl-ex

keywords jet quenchinggeometric biascentrality dependenceheavy-ion collisionsHIJINGPb+Pb collisionsquark-gluon plasmacharged hadron suppression

0 comments

The pith

Geometric bias from impact-parameter-dependent nucleon collisions suppresses high-momentum hadrons in peripheral heavy-ion collisions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops a HIJING-based initial condition model that incorporates how the probability of inelastic nucleon-nucleon collisions and the number of hard partonic scatterings per collision both depend on the impact parameter. This dependence creates a geometric bias that lowers the jet yield inside peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions because nucleon overlap becomes dilute at large impact parameters. When the refined initial conditions are combined with a linear Boltzmann transport model for jet interactions with the quark-gluon plasma, the calculation reproduces the measured centrality dependence of charged hadron suppression in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. A reader would care because the result supplies a baseline explanation for suppression that appears even where the medium should be too thin to quench jets strongly.

Core claim

The authors show that accounting for the impact parameter dependence of inelastic NN collisions and the number of hard partonic scatterings per inelastic NN collision in a HIJING-based initial condition model introduces a geometric bias that suppresses the high transverse momentum hadron spectrum in peripheral AA collisions due to dilute nucleon overlap at large AA impact parameters. Combined with the linear Boltzmann transport model for jet-QGP interactions, this satisfactorily describes the centrality dependence of charged hadron suppression in Pb+Pb collisions at √s_NN=5.02 TeV.

What carries the argument

The HIJING-based initial condition model with explicit impact-parameter dependence on both inelastic NN collision probability and the number of hard scatterings per collision, which produces the geometric bias on jet yields.

Load-bearing premise

The geometric bias arising from the impact-parameter dependence of inelastic NN collisions and hard scatterings is the primary cause of the observed peripheral suppression.

What would settle it

A measurement or calculation showing that the suppression in very peripheral collisions remains significantly larger than the model predicts once the geometric bias is fully included, or that the model fails to match data in a regime where nucleon overlap is minimal.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.19288 by Changle Sun, Shanshan Cao, Yichao Dang.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: (Color online) Impact parameter dependences of the inelastic NN scattering probability (pin), the probability of purely soft scattering (g0), and the conditional probability of purely soft scattering given inelastic scattering (psoft|in) at √ s = 5.02 TeV. 0 1 2 3 4 5 bNN (fm) 0 2 4 6 8 TNN(bNN) [fm¡2 ] Nhard NN (bNN) ® N~ hard NN (bNN) ® [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: (Color online) Normalized density distributions of hard collision vertices in 0-10% Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, compared between the HIJING-based initial condition and the standard MC-Glauber initial condition. ¡10 ¡5 0 5 10 x (fm) ¡10 ¡5 0 5 10 y ( fm ) x 2 ® = 1:8 (fm2) y 2 ® = 4:1 (fm2) HIJING-based ¡10 ¡5 0 5 10 x (fm) ¡10 ¡5 0 5 10 y ( fm ) x 2 ® = 1:0 (fm2) y 2 ® = 3:3 (fm2) Standard … view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: (Color online) Normalized density distributions of hard collision vertices in 50-70% Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, compared between the HIJING-based initial condition and the standard MC-Glauber initial condition. In Figs. 3 and 4 we present the normalized density distributions of hard collision vertices of Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV for two different centrality bins, 0-10% and 50-70%, re… view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: (Color online) The average geometric bias factor of jet quenching in different centrality classes of Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, compared between Ncoll and Npart sortings for centrality division. where N˜ hard NN (b i NN) denotes the number of hard scatterings given that an NN inelastic scattering (indexed by i) occurs. The geometric bias factor of jet quenching is then defined as [42]: R bias A… view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: (Color online) The RAA of charged hadrons in different centrality bins of Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, (a) from the "soft fake parton" scheme, and (b) from the "large-pz fake parton" scheme. The standard MC-Glauber model is used for the initial condition of jet production vertices. The CMS data [30] are shown for comparison. using a colorless hadronization model [80–82]. This model connects parton… view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: (Color online) The pT distributions of partons and hadrons originating from a high pT (⃗p = 100 GeV xˆ, Q = 2 GeV) quark, compared between two string configurations: (1) being connected to a high-pz (100 GeV) recoiler and (2) being connected to a low-pz (0.1 GeV) recoiler in the longitudinal direction. partons tend to maintain higher momenta if a smaller pz is assigned to the recoiler. This is reflected by… view at source ↗

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: (Color online) The nuclear modification factors of charged hadrons in (a) 50-70% and (b) 70-90% Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, compared between using hard partonic scattering vertices sampled from the standard MC-Glauber model and the HIJING-based model, and between with and without including the geometric bias factor of jet quenching. The CMS data [30] are shown for comparison. the negative hadron … view at source ↗

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: (Color online) The nuclear modification factors of charged hadrons in various centrality classes of Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, obtained using hard partonic scattering vertices sampled from the HIJINGbased model and compared between (a) without and (b) with including the geometric bias factor of jet quenching. The CMS data [30] are shown for comparison. two models is tiny in the 50-70% centrali… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Jet quenching provides a valuable measure of the opacity of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. However, substantial suppression of charged hadron spectra is observed in highly peripheral collisions, despite the expectation of negligible jet-QGP interactions in this regime. To address this, we develop a HIJING-based initial condition model that accounts for the impact parameter dependence of both inelastic nucleon-nucleon (NN) collisions and the number of hard partonic scatterings per inelastic NN collision. This dependence introduces a geometric bias effect on the jet yield within a given centrality class of nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions, suppressing the high transverse momentum hadron spectrum in peripheral collisions due to dilute nucleon overlap at large AA impact parameters. By combining this improved initial condition model with a linear Boltzmann transport model for jet-QGP interactions, we obtain a satisfactory description of the centrality dependence of charged hadron suppression in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=5.02$ TeV.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper adds an explicit impact-parameter dependence to HIJING for inelastic collisions and hard scatterings, creating a geometric bias that reduces peripheral jet yields, but the abstract gives no numbers or plots to show how well it actually works.

read the letter

The main point is that the authors modify the HIJING initial conditions so both the chance of an inelastic NN collision and the number of hard partonic scatterings fall off with increasing AA impact parameter. This geometric bias naturally lowers the high-pT hadron yield in peripheral bins because the nucleon overlap is dilute there. They then feed the adjusted initial spectrum into a linear Boltzmann transport model for jet-QGP scattering and claim it reproduces the full centrality dependence of charged-hadron suppression in 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions. That is the concrete step forward: a motivated correction inside an existing framework rather than an extra free parameter tuned to peripheral data. It keeps the separation between geometry and medium effects cleaner than simply rescaling the jet spectrum by hand. The implementation looks straightforward and stays within the HIJING plus LBT setup that many groups already use. The soft spots are the missing quantitative checks. The abstract says only that the description is satisfactory, with no mention of chi-squared values, specific centrality bin definitions, or how the model multiplicity compares to data. The stress-test worry about circularity is real: if centrality is fixed by charged-particle multiplicity, which itself depends on the same geometric factors being varied, the bias effect could be partly self-reinforcing. A reader would want to see whether the suppression survives when centrality is instead defined by spectator neutrons or forward energy. For people who run or extend HIJING-based jet quenching calculations, this is a useful incremental update worth testing. The thinking is coherent and directly engages the peripheral-suppression puzzle without overclaiming. The paper deserves peer review so the full comparisons and any robustness tests can be evaluated properly. I would send it to referees with the main questions focused on the size of the bias relative to other uncertainties and on the centrality definition.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper develops a HIJING-based initial condition model that incorporates the impact-parameter dependence of inelastic NN collisions and the number of hard partonic scatterings per collision. This introduces a geometric bias that suppresses the high-pT jet yield in peripheral AA collisions due to dilute nucleon overlap at large impact parameters. When this improved initial condition is combined with a linear Boltzmann transport model for jet-QGP interactions, the resulting framework is claimed to provide a satisfactory description of the centrality dependence of charged hadron suppression (R_AA) in Pb+Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV.

Significance. If the geometric bias is shown to be independent of model-specific multiplicity fluctuations, the result would be significant for heavy-ion phenomenology: it would indicate that a substantial fraction of the observed peripheral R_AA suppression originates from initial-state geometry rather than strong final-state quenching in dilute media. This could reduce the inferred QGP opacity extracted from peripheral data and improve the reliability of initial-condition modeling in jet-quenching studies. The explicit inclusion of impact-parameter dependence in both inelasticity and hard-scattering rates is a physically motivated improvement over standard HIJING.

major comments (2)

[Initial condition and centrality definition] The central claim that geometric bias accounts for most of the peripheral suppression (with LBT supplying only a small additional effect) requires explicit demonstration that the bias survives when centrality is defined by an independent observable such as spectator neutrons or forward energy, rather than charged-particle multiplicity. Multiplicity-based centrality selection may correlate directly with the HIJING baseline fluctuations that the bias term is intended to correct, rendering the decomposition into geometric versus medium effects circular. This test is load-bearing for the interpretation.
[Abstract and results section] The abstract asserts a 'satisfactory description' of the centrality dependence but provides no quantitative metrics (χ²/dof, fit residuals, or error-band comparisons) or details on centrality bin definitions and data selection. Without these, it is impossible to judge whether the improvement over baseline HIJING+LBT is statistically significant or affected by post-hoc adjustments.

minor comments (2)

The abstract refers to the 'linear Boltzmann transport model' without specifying whether it is the standard LBT implementation or a modified version; a brief reference or one-sentence description would clarify the jet-medium interaction treatment.
Ensure that all figures comparing model to data include experimental error bars, model uncertainty bands, and explicit statements of the centrality binning procedure used in both model and experiment.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and indicate the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Initial condition and centrality definition] The central claim that geometric bias accounts for most of the peripheral suppression (with LBT supplying only a small additional effect) requires explicit demonstration that the bias survives when centrality is defined by an independent observable such as spectator neutrons or forward energy, rather than charged-particle multiplicity. Multiplicity-based centrality selection may correlate directly with the HIJING baseline fluctuations that the bias term is intended to correct, rendering the decomposition into geometric versus medium effects circular. This test is load-bearing for the interpretation.

Authors: We agree that an explicit check with an independent centrality observable would strengthen the interpretation. The geometric bias in our model is introduced at the level of individual NN collisions through the impact-parameter dependence of both the inelastic cross section and the hard-scattering rate; this dependence is fixed by the underlying Glauber geometry and is not tuned to the final multiplicity. Centrality classes are defined from mid-rapidity charged-particle multiplicity, which is the standard experimental procedure and is also used in the HIJING baseline. While the multiplicity does receive contributions from the same impact-parameter-dependent soft processes, the bias on the hard component is calculated prior to any medium evolution and is therefore not circular by construction. We will add a dedicated paragraph in the revised manuscript discussing this point and, where computationally feasible within the HIJING framework, present results using forward-energy or spectator-neutron proxies to demonstrate that the peripheral suppression persists. revision: partial
Referee: [Abstract and results section] The abstract asserts a 'satisfactory description' of the centrality dependence but provides no quantitative metrics (χ²/dof, fit residuals, or error-band comparisons) or details on centrality bin definitions and data selection. Without these, it is impossible to judge whether the improvement over baseline HIJING+LBT is statistically significant or affected by post-hoc adjustments.

Authors: We accept that the abstract and results section should be more quantitative. In the revised manuscript we will (i) specify the exact centrality bin boundaries and the corresponding charged-particle multiplicity ranges, (ii) report χ²/dof values for the comparison of our full model with the 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb R_AA data, and (iii) include a brief statement on the data selection and error treatment. These additions will allow readers to assess the statistical significance of the improvement over the baseline HIJING+LBT calculation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; geometric bias derived from nuclear geometry independent of final observable

full rationale

The paper introduces a HIJING-based initial condition that explicitly incorporates the impact-parameter dependence of inelastic NN collisions and hard partonic scatterings, motivated directly by nuclear overlap geometry rather than by fitting to the observed peripheral R_AA suppression. This geometric bias is then combined with an independent linear Boltzmann transport model for jet-QGP interactions to describe the centrality dependence of charged hadron suppression. No equations, parameters, or self-citations in the derivation chain reduce the central claim to a tautology or to a fit performed on the same data being predicted. Centrality selection via multiplicity is standard and does not create a definitional loop with the bias term, as the bias arises from the underlying nucleon-level geometry. The result is a genuine model prediction rather than a renaming or self-referential construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated. The claim implicitly relies on the standard assumptions of the HIJING generator and the linear Boltzmann transport approximation for jet-medium interactions.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5478 in / 1304 out tokens · 50510 ms · 2026-05-10T01:36:02.834671+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

87 extracted references · 83 canonical work pages · 3 internal anchors

[1]

R., & Origlia, L

Busza, W.; Rajagopal, K.; van der Schee, W. Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.2018,68, 339–376, [arXiv:hep-ph/1802.04801]. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev- nucl-101917-020852

work page doi:10.1146/annurev- 2018
[2]

The exploration of hot and dense nuclear matter: introduction to relativistic heavy-ion physics.J

Elfner, H.; Müller, B. The exploration of hot and dense nuclear matter: introduction to relativistic heavy-ion physics.J. Phys. G2023,50, 103001, [arXiv:nucl-th/2210.12056]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ace824. 15 of 19

work page doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ace824
[3]

QGP Signatures

Harris, J.W.; Müller, B. ”QGP Signatures” Revisited.Eur. Phys. J. C2024,84, 247, [arXiv:hep-ph/2308.05743]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12533-y

work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12533-y
[4]

Anisotropy as a signature of transverse collective flow.Phys

Ollitrault, J.Y. Anisotropy as a signature of transverse collective flow.Phys. Rev. D1992,46, 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.46.229

work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.46.229
[5]

Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Ann

Heinz, U.; Snellings, R. Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.2013,63, 123–151, [arXiv:nucl-th/1301.2826]. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540

work page doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540 2013
[6]

Gluon shadowing and jet quenching in A + A collisions at s**(1/2) = 200-GeV

Wang, X.N.; Gyulassy, M. Gluon shadowing and jet quenching in A + A collisions at s**(1/2) = 200-GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett.1992,68, 1480–1483. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1480

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.68.1480 1992
[7]

Jet quenching in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.Int

Qin, G.Y.; Wang, X.N. Jet quenching in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.Int. J. Mod. Phys. E2015, 24, 1530014, [arXiv:hep-ph/1511.00790]. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218301315300143

work page doi:10.1142/s0218301315300143
[8]

The Theory and Phenomenology of Perturbative QCD Based Jet Quenching

Majumder, A.; Van Leeuwen, M. The Theory and Phenomenology of Perturbative QCD Based Jet Quenching. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.2011,66, 41–92, [arXiv:hep-ph/1002.2206]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2010.09. 001

work page doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2010.09 2011
[9]

Jet quenching and medium response in high-energy heavy-ion collisions: a review.Rept

Cao, S.; Wang, X.N. Jet quenching and medium response in high-energy heavy-ion collisions: a review.Rept. Prog. Phys.2021,84, 024301, [arXiv:hep-ph/2002.04028]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/abc22b

work page doi:10.1088/1361-6633/abc22b 2021
[10]

Wang and U

Wang, X.N.; Wiedemann, U.A. QGP@50: More than Four Decades of Jet Quenching. 8 2025, [arXiv:hep- ph/2508.18794]

work page arXiv 2025
[11]

Mehtar-Tani,The Physics of Jet Quenching in Perturbative QCD,2509.26394

Mehtar-Tani, Y. The Physics of Jet Quenching in Perturbative QCD2025. [arXiv:hep-ph/2509.26394]

work page arXiv
[12]

Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of quark–gluon plasma.Nature Phys.2019,15, 1113–1117

Bernhard, J.E.; Moreland, J.S.; Bass, S.A. Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of quark–gluon plasma.Nature Phys.2019,15, 1113–1117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0611-8

work page doi:10.1038/s41567-019-0611-8 2019
[13]

Phenomenological constraints on the transport properties of QCD matter with data-driven model averaging.Phys

Everett, D.; et al. Phenomenological constraints on the transport properties of QCD matter with data-driven model averaging.Phys. Rev. Lett.2021,126, 242301, [arXiv:hep-ph/2010.03928]. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevLett.126.242301

work page arXiv 2021
[14]

Constraining η/s through high-p⊥ theory and data.Phys

Karmakar, B.; Zigic, D.; Salom, I.; Auvinen, J.; Huovinen, P .; Djordjevic, M.; Djordjevic, M. Constraining η/s through high-p⊥ theory and data.Phys. Rev. C2023,108, 044907, [arXiv:hep-ph/2305.11318]. https: //doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.108.044907

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.108.044907
[15]

Constraining the Eq

Pratt, S.; Sangaline, E.; Sorensen, P .; Wang, H. Constraining the Eq. of State of Super-Hadronic Matter from Heavy-Ion Collisions.Phys. Rev. Lett.2015,114, 202301, [arXiv:nucl-th/1501.04042]. https://doi.org/10.110 3/PhysRevLett.114.202301

work page arXiv 2015
[16]

Constraining the equation of state with heavy quarks in the quasi-particle model of QCD matter.Phys

Liu, F.L.; Wu, X.Y.; Cao, S.; Qin, G.Y.; Wang, X.N. Constraining the equation of state with heavy quarks in the quasi-particle model of QCD matter.Phys. Lett. B2024,848, 138355, [arXiv:hep-ph/2304.08787]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138355

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138355 2023
[17]

Extracting the speed of sound in quark–gluon plasma with ultrarelativistic lead–lead collisions at the LHC.Rept

Hayrapetyan, A.; et al. Extracting the speed of sound in quark–gluon plasma with ultrarelativistic lead–lead collisions at the LHC.Rept. Prog. Phys.2024,87, 077801, [arXiv:nucl-ex/2401.06896]. https://doi.org/10.108 8/1361-6633/ad4b9b

work page arXiv 2024
[18]

Extracting the jet transport coefficient from jet quenching in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.Phys

Burke, K.M.; et al. Extracting the jet transport coefficient from jet quenching in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.Phys. Rev. C2014,90, 014909, [arXiv:nucl-th/1312.5003]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.0 14909

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.90.0
[19]

Determining the jet transport coefficient ˆq from inclusive hadron suppression measurements using Bayesian parameter estimation.Phys

Cao, S.; et al. Determining the jet transport coefficient ˆq from inclusive hadron suppression measurements using Bayesian parameter estimation.Phys. Rev. C2021,104, 024905, [arXiv:nucl-th/2102.11337]. https: //doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.104.024905

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.104.024905
[21]

Observation of Long-Range Near-Side Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC.JHEP2010,09, 091, [arXiv:hep-ex/1009.4122]

Khachatryan, V .; et al. Observation of Long-Range Near-Side Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC.JHEP2010,09, 091, [arXiv:hep-ex/1009.4122]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2010 )091

work page doi:10.1007/jhep09(2010 2010
[22]

Observation of Associated Near-Side and Away-Side Long-Range Correlations in√sNN = 5.02 TeV Proton-Lead Collisions with the ATLAS Detector.Phys

Aad, G.; et al. Observation of Associated Near-Side and Away-Side Long-Range Correlations in√sNN = 5.02 TeV Proton-Lead Collisions with the ATLAS Detector.Phys. Rev. Lett.2013,110, 182302, [arXiv:hep- ex/1212.5198]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.182302

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.182302 2013
[23]

Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side inp-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys

Abelev, B.; et al. Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side inp-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys. Lett. B2013,719, 29–41, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1212.2001]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2013.01.01 2. 16 of 19

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.01.01 2001
[24]

Quadrupole Anisotropy in Dihadron Azimuthal Correlations in Central d+Au Collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV.Phys

Adare, A.; et al. Quadrupole Anisotropy in Dihadron Azimuthal Correlations in Central d+Au Collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV.Phys. Rev. Lett.2013,111, 212301, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1303.1794]. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevLett.111.212301

work page arXiv 2013
[25]

Long-range pseudorapidity dihadron correlations in d+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV.Phys

Adamczyk, L.; et al. Long-range pseudorapidity dihadron correlations in d+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV.Phys. Lett. B2015,747, 265–271, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1502.07652]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015 .05.075

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2015 2015
[26]

Measurements of the Elliptic and Triangular Azimuthal Anisotropies in Central He3+Au, d+Au and p+Au Collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV.Phys

Abdulhamid, M.I.; et al. Measurements of the Elliptic and Triangular Azimuthal Anisotropies in Central He3+Au, d+Au and p+Au Collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV.Phys. Rev. Lett.2023,130, 242301, [arXiv:nucl- ex/2210.11352]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.242301

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.242301 2023
[27]

Pattern Recog- nition153, 110500 (2024).https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j

Adamczyk, L.; et al. Effect of event selection on jetlike correlation measurement in d+Au collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV.Phys. Lett. B2015,743, 333–339, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1412.8437]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. physletb.2015.02.068

work page doi:10.1016/j 2015
[28]

Correlations of event activity with hard and soft processes in p+Au collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV at the RHIC STAR experiment.Phys

Abdulhamid, M.; et al. Correlations of event activity with hard and soft processes in p+Au collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV at the RHIC STAR experiment.Phys. Rev. C2024,110, 044908, [arXiv:nucl-ex/2404.08784]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.110.044908

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.110.044908
[29]

Centrality-dependent modification of jet-production rates in deuteron-gold collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV.Phys

Adare, A.; et al. Centrality-dependent modification of jet-production rates in deuteron-gold collisions at√sNN = 200 GeV.Phys. Rev. Lett.2016,116, 122301, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1509.04657]. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevLett.116.122301

work page arXiv 2016
[30]

Khachatryanet al.[CMS], JHEP04, 039 (2017) doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2017)039 [arXiv:1611.01664 [nucl-ex]]

Khachatryan, V .; et al. Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in PbPb and pPb collisions at√sNN = 5.02 TeV.JHEP2017,04, 039, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1611.01664]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2017)039

work page doi:10.1007/jhep04(2017)039 2017
[31]

Search for jet quenching with dijets from high-multiplicity pPb collisions at√sNN = 8.16 TeV.JHEP2025,07, 118, [arXiv:nucl-ex/2504.08507]

Chekhovsky, V .; et al. Search for jet quenching with dijets from high-multiplicity pPb collisions at√sNN = 8.16 TeV.JHEP2025,07, 118, [arXiv:nucl-ex/2504.08507]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2025)118

work page doi:10.1007/jhep07(2025)118 2025
[32]

Constraints on jet quenching in p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV measured by the event-activity dependence of semi-inclusive hadron-jet distributions.Phys

Acharya, S.; et al. Constraints on jet quenching in p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV measured by the event-activity dependence of semi-inclusive hadron-jet distributions.Phys. Lett. B2018,783, 95–113, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1712.05603]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.05.059

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.05.059 2018
[33]

Strong Constraints on Jet Quenching in Centrality-Dependent p+Pb Collisions at 5.02 TeV from ATLAS.Phys

Aad, G.; et al. Strong Constraints on Jet Quenching in Centrality-Dependent p+Pb Collisions at 5.02 TeV from ATLAS.Phys. Rev. Lett.2023,131, 072301, [arXiv:nucl-ex/2206.01138]. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevLett.131.072301

work page arXiv 2023
[34]

From Lead to Helium: Discovery Potential for Jet Quenching in the Smallest Collision Systems2025

Faraday, C.; Bert, B.; Brand, J.; Vogelsang, W.; Horowitz, W.A. From Lead to Helium: Discovery Potential for Jet Quenching in the Smallest Collision Systems2025. [arXiv:hep-ph/2512.17832]

work page arXiv
[35]

Energy loss baseline for light hadrons in oxygen-oxygen collisions at √sNN = 5.36 TeV

Mazeliauskas, A. Energy loss baseline for light hadrons in oxygen-oxygen collisions at √sNN = 5.36 TeV. Phys. Lett. B2026,876, 140409, [arXiv:hep-ph/2509.07008]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2026.140409

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2026.140409 2026
[36]

Bayesian Constraints on Pre-Equilibrium Jet Quenching and Predictions for Oxygen Collisions

Pablos, D.; Takacs, A. Bayesian Constraints on Pre-Equilibrium Jet Quenching and Predictions for Oxygen Collisions2025. [arXiv:hep-ph/2509.19430]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv
[37]

Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in XeXe collisions at √sNN = 5.44 TeV

Sirunyan, A.M.; et al. Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in XeXe collisions at √sNN = 5.44 TeV. JHEP2018,10, 138, [arXiv:hep-ex/1809.00201]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2018)138

work page doi:10.1007/jhep10(2018)138 2018
[38]

Observation of suppressed charged-particle production in ultrarelativistic oxygen-oxygen collisions

Hayrapetyan, A.; et al. Discovery of suppressed charged-particle production in ultrarelativistic oxygen- oxygen collisions2025. [arXiv:nucl-ex/2510.09864]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv
[39]

Belyaev et al

Belyaev, A.; et al. System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus- nucleus collisions2026. [arXiv:nucl-ex/2602.21325]

work page arXiv
[40]

Measurement of jet quenching in O+O collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=200$ GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC

Measurement of jet quenching in O+O collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC2026. [arXiv:nucl-ex/2604.13935]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv
[41]

Heavy and light flavor jet quenching at RHIC and LHC energies

Cao, S.; Luo, T.; Qin, G.Y.; Wang, X.N. Heavy and light flavor jet quenching at RHIC and LHC energies. Phys. Lett. B2018,777, 255–259, [arXiv:nucl-th/1703.00822]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.12.023

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.12.023 2017
[42]

Absence of jet quenching in peripheral nucleus–nucleus collisions.Phys

Loizides, C.; Morsch, A. Absence of jet quenching in peripheral nucleus–nucleus collisions.Phys. Lett. B 2017,773, 408–411, [arXiv:nucl-ex/1705.08856]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.09.002

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.09.002 2017
[44]

Constraints on the Initial State of Pb-Pb Collisions via Measurements ofZ-Boson Yields and Azimuthal Anisotropy at√sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys

Sirunyan, A.M.; et al. Constraints on the Initial State of Pb-Pb Collisions via Measurements ofZ-Boson Yields and Azimuthal Anisotropy at√sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys. Rev. Lett.2021,127, 102002, [arXiv:hep-ex/2103.14089]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.102002

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.102002 2021
[45]

Glauber modeling in high energy nuclear collisions

Miller, M.L.; Reygers, K.; Sanders, S.J.; Steinberg, P . Glauber modeling in high energy nuclear collisions. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.2007,57, 205–243, [nucl-ex/0701025]. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.0 90506.123020. 17 of 19

work page doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.0 2007
[46]

Role of multiple mini - jets in high-energy hadronic reactions.Phys

Wang, X.N. Role of multiple mini - jets in high-energy hadronic reactions.Phys. Rev. D1991,43, 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.43.104

work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.43.104
[47]

HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet production in pp, pA and AA collisions.Phys

Wang, X.N.; Gyulassy, M. HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet production in pp, pA and AA collisions.Phys. Rev. D1991,44, 3501–3516. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.3501

work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.44.3501
[48]

HIJING 1.0: A Monte Carlo program for parton and particle production in high-energy hadronic and nuclear collisions.Comput

Gyulassy, M.; Wang, X.N. HIJING 1.0: A Monte Carlo program for parton and particle production in high-energy hadronic and nuclear collisions.Comput. Phys. Commun.1994,83, 307, [nucl-th/9502021]. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(94)90057-4

work page doi:10.1016/0010-4655(94)90057-4 1994
[49]

Bierlich, G

Bierlich, C.; Gustafson, G.; Lönnblad, L.; Shah, H. The Angantyr model for Heavy-Ion Collisions in PYTHIA8. JHEP2018,10, 134, [arXiv:hep-ph/1806.10820]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2018)134

work page doi:10.1007/jhep10(2018)134 2018
[50]

GLISSANDO: Glauber initial-state simulation and more..Comput

Broniowski, W.; Rybczynski, M.; Bozek, P . GLISSANDO: Glauber initial-state simulation and more..Comput. Phys. Commun.2009,180, 69–83, [arXiv:nucl-th/0710.5731]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2008.07.016

work page doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2008.07.016 2009
[51]

Rybczy ´nski, G

Rybczynski, M.; Stefanek, G.; Broniowski, W.; Bozek, P . GLISSANDO 2 : GLauber Initial-State Simulation AND mOre. . . , ver. 2.Comput. Phys. Commun.2014,185, 1759–1772, [arXiv:nucl-th/1310.5475]. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2014.02.016

work page doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2014.02.016 2014
[52]

Influence of the nucleon-nucleon collision geometry on the determination of the nuclear modification factor for nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions.Phys

Jia, J. Influence of the nucleon-nucleon collision geometry on the determination of the nuclear modification factor for nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions.Phys. Lett. B2009,681, 320–325, [arXiv:nucl- th/0907.4175]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2009.10.044

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.10.044 2009
[53]

Linearized Boltzmann transport model for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Heavy quark evolution.Phys

Cao, S.; Luo, T.; Qin, G.Y.; Wang, X.N. Linearized Boltzmann transport model for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Heavy quark evolution.Phys. Rev. C2016,94, 014909, [arXiv:nucl-th/1605.06447]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.014909

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.94.014909
[54]

Linear Boltzmann transport for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Inelastic processes and jet modification.Phys

Luo, T.; He, Y.; Cao, S.; Wang, X.N. Linear Boltzmann transport for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Inelastic processes and jet modification.Phys. Rev. C2024,109, 034919, [arXiv:nucl-th/2306.13742]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.034919

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.109.034919
[55]

Improved linear Boltzmann transport model for hadron and jet suppression in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions2026

Dang, Y.; Xing, W.J.; Cao, S.; Qin, G.Y. Improved linear Boltzmann transport model for hadron and jet suppression in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions2026. [arXiv:nucl-th/2602.10395]

work page arXiv
[56]

Elastic electron - proton scattering at momentum transfers up t 245-F**-2.Phys

Albrecht, W.; Behrend, H.J.; Brasse, F.W.; Flauger, W.; Hultschig, H.; Steffen, K.G. Elastic electron - proton scattering at momentum transfers up t 245-F**-2.Phys. Rev. Lett.1966,17, 1192. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevLett.17.1192

1966
[57]

The Asymptotic Form-Factors of Hadrons and Nuclei and the Continuity of Particle and Nuclear Dynamics.Phys

Brodsky, S.J.; Chertok, B.T. The Asymptotic Form-Factors of Hadrons and Nuclei and the Continuity of Particle and Nuclear Dynamics.Phys. Rev. D1976,14, 3003–3020. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3 003

work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.14.3
[58]

The Deuteron Form-Factor and the Short Distance Behavior of the Nuclear Force

Brodsky, S.J.; Chertok, B.T. The Deuteron Form-Factor and the Short Distance Behavior of the Nuclear Force. Phys. Rev. Lett.1976,37, 269. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.269

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.37.269 1976
[59]

World Scientific

Barger, V .D.; Gottschalk, T.D.; Halzen, F., Eds.Physics Simulations at High-Energy: Proceedings, Workshop, Madison, USA, May 5-16, 1986, Singapore, 1987. World Scientific

1986
[60]

High-Energy Collision Theory

Glauber, R.J. High-Energy Collision Theory. InLectures in Theoretical Physics; Brittin, W.E.; Dunham, L.G., Eds.; Interscience: New York, 1959; Vol. 1, pp. 315 – 414

1959
[61]

North-Holland Publishing Company

Tibell, G., Ed.High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, Uppsala, June 18-22, 1973, Amsterdam, 1974. North-Holland Publishing Company

1973
[62]

Geometric Scaling, Multiplicity Distributions and Cross-Sections.Nucl

Dias De Deus, J. Geometric Scaling, Multiplicity Distributions and Cross-Sections.Nucl. Phys. B1973, 59, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(73)90485-9

work page doi:10.1016/0550-3213(73)90485-9
[63]

Impact Parameter Interpretation of Proton Proton Scattering from a Critical Review of All ISR Data.Nucl

Amaldi, U.; Schubert, K.R. Impact Parameter Interpretation of Proton Proton Scattering from a Critical Review of All ISR Data.Nucl. Phys. B1980,166, 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(80)90229-1

work page doi:10.1016/0550-3213(80)90229-1
[64]

Measurement of the inelastic cross section in proton–lead collisions at√sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys

Khachatryan, V .; et al. Measurement of the inelastic cross section in proton–lead collisions at√sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys. Lett. B2016,759, 641–662, [arXiv:hep-ex/1509.03893]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.0 6.027

work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.0 2016
[65]

Two-body nucleon-nucleon correlations in Glauber-like models.Phys

Rybczynski, M.; Broniowski, W. Two-body nucleon-nucleon correlations in Glauber-like models.Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett.2011,8, 992–994, [arXiv:nucl-th/1012.5607]. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477111090299

work page doi:10.1134/s1547477111090299 2011
[66]

Broniowski and M

Broniowski, W.; Rybczynski, M. Two-body nucleon-nucleon correlations in Glauber models of relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Phys. Rev. C2010,81, 064909, [arXiv:nucl-th/1003.1088]. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevC.81.064909

work page arXiv
[67]

Sjostrand, S

Sjostrand, T.; Mrenna, S.; Skands, P .Z. A Brief Introduction to PYTHIA 8.1.Comput. Phys. Commun.2008, 178, 852–867, [arXiv:hep-ph/0710.3820]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2008.01.036

work page doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2008.01.036 2008
[68]

Bierlich, et al., SciPost Phys

Bierlich, C.; et al. A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3.SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 2022, 8, [arXiv:hep-ph/2203.11601]. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhysCodeb.8. 18 of 19

work page doi:10.21468/scipostphyscodeb.8 2022
[69]

Sj¨ ostrand, S

Sjöstrand, T.; Ask, S.; Christiansen, J.R.; Corke, R.; Desai, N.; Ilten, P .; Mrenna, S.; Prestel, S.; Rasmussen, C.O.; Skands, P .Z. An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2.Comput. Phys. Commun.2015,191, 159–177, [arXiv:hep- ph/1410.3012]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2015.01.024

work page doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2015.01.024 2015
[70]

Effects of the formation time of parton shower on jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions.Chin

Zhang, M.; He, Y.; Cao, S.; Yi, L. Effects of the formation time of parton shower on jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions.Chin. Phys. C2023,47, 024106, [arXiv:nucl-th/2208.13331]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ aca4c1

work page doi:10.1088/1674-1137/
[71]

Pseudorapidity distribution and decorrelation of anisotropic flow within the open-computing-language implementation CLVisc hydrodynamics.Phys

Pang, L.G.; Petersen, H.; Wang, X.N. Pseudorapidity distribution and decorrelation of anisotropic flow within the open-computing-language implementation CLVisc hydrodynamics.Phys. Rev. C2018,97, 064918, [arXiv:nucl-th/1802.04449]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.064918

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.97.064918
[72]

Wu, X.Y.; Qin, G.Y.; Pang, L.G.; Wang, X.N. (3+1)-D viscous hydrodynamics at finite net baryon density: Identified particle spectra, anisotropic flows, and flow fluctuations across energies relevant to the beam- energy scan at RHIC.Phys. Rev. C2022,105, 034909, [arXiv:hep-ph/2107.04949]. https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevC.105.034909

work page arXiv
[73]

Electromagnetic effects and weak form factors

Auvinen, J.; Eskola, K.J.; Renk, T. A Monte-Carlo model for elastic energy loss in a hydrodynamical background.Phys. Rev. C2010,82, 024906, [arXiv:hep-ph/0912.2265]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC. 82.024906

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc
[74]

Multiple parton scattering in nuclei: Parton energy loss.Nucl

Wang, X.N.; Guo, X.f. Multiple parton scattering in nuclei: Parton energy loss.Nucl. Phys. A2001, 696, 788–832, [hep-ph/0102230]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(01)01130-7

work page doi:10.1016/s0375-9474(01)01130-7
[75]

Heavy quark energy loss in nuclear medium.Phys

Zhang, B.W.; Wang, E.; Wang, X.N. Heavy quark energy loss in nuclear medium.Phys. Rev. Lett.2004, 93, 072301, [nucl-th/0309040]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.072301

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.072301 2004
[76]

Hard collinear gluon radiation and multiple scattering in a medium.Phys

Majumder, A. Hard collinear gluon radiation and multiple scattering in a medium.Phys. Rev. D2012, 85, 014023, [arXiv:nucl-th/0912.2987]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.014023

work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.85.014023
[77]

Emergence of thermal recoil jets in high-energy heavy-ion collisions2025

Jing, P .; Dang, Y.; He, Y.; Cao, S.; Yi, L.; Wang, X.N. Emergence of thermal recoil jets in high-energy heavy-ion collisions2025. [arXiv:nucl-th/2512.12715]

work page arXiv
[78]

Interplaying mechanisms behind single inclusive jet suppression in heavy-ion collisions.Phys

He, Y.; Cao, S.; Chen, W.; Luo, T.; Pang, L.G.; Wang, X.N. Interplaying mechanisms behind single inclusive jet suppression in heavy-ion collisions.Phys. Rev. C2019,99, 054911, [arXiv:nucl-th/1809.02525]. https: //doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.054911

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.99.054911
[79]

Event-by-event jet anisotropy and hard-soft tomography of the quark-gluon plasma.Phys

He, Y.; Chen, W.; Luo, T.; Cao, S.; Pang, L.G.; Wang, X.N. Event-by-event jet anisotropy and hard-soft tomography of the quark-gluon plasma.Phys. Rev. C2022,106, 044904, [arXiv:hep-ph/2201.08408]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.106.044904

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.106.044904
[80]

JETSCAPE framework: p+p results.Phys

Kumar, A.; et al. JETSCAPE framework: p+p results.Phys. Rev. C2020,102, 054906, [arXiv:nucl- th/1910.05481]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.054906

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.102.054906 1910
[81]

Probing the Partonic Degrees of Freedom in High- Multiplicity p−Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys

Zhao, W.; Ko, C.M.; Liu, Y.X.; Qin, G.Y.; Song, H. Probing the Partonic Degrees of Freedom in High- Multiplicity p−Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV.Phys. Rev. Lett.2020,125, 072301, [arXiv:nucl- th/1911.00826]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.072301

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.072301 2020
[82]

From Hydrodynamics to Jet Quenching, Coalescence, and Hadron Cascade: A Coupled Approach to Solving the RAA⊗v2 Puzzle.Phys

Zhao, W.; Ke, W.; Chen, W.; Luo, T.; Wang, X.N. From Hydrodynamics to Jet Quenching, Coalescence, and Hadron Cascade: A Coupled Approach to Solving the RAA⊗v2 Puzzle.Phys. Rev. Lett.2022,128, 022302, [arXiv:hep-ph/2103.14657]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.022302

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.128.022302 2022

Showing first 80 references.