pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2604.19842 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-21 · 🧬 q-bio.OT

Recognition: unknown

Energy gradients as potential drivers of pre-cellular chemical organization

Arturo Tozzi

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 01:24 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🧬 q-bio.OT
keywords prebiotic chemistryenergy gradientsreaction-diffusionspatial localizationhydrothermal ventsmembrane-free organizationchemical persistence
0
0 comments X

The pith

Environmental energy gradients can spontaneously localize chemical reactions into stable confined states without membranes.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines how pre-cellular chemical organization might emerge from spatial variations in energy rather than from membrane boundaries. It models interacting species that diffuse, experience drift from imposed gradients, and react at rates that depend on local conditions such as pH, redox potential, and temperature. Simulations under hydrothermal-vent-like settings show that reactant accumulation, spatial alignment of reaction peaks, and persistent confined states appear once gradients exceed a threshold where directed transport outpaces diffusion and loss. This framing treats gradients as active organizers instead of fixed background conditions. The result offers a membrane-free route to chemical coupling and persistence in open, continuous environments.

Core claim

The authors introduce a reaction-diffusion model in which chemical species evolve inside an externally imposed activity landscape defined by coupled gradients in pH, redox potential and temperature. The model incorporates diffusion, gradient-driven drift, and position-dependent reaction kinetics. Simulations across gradient strengths representative of hydrothermal conditions indicate that sufficiently strong gradients produce spontaneous accumulation of reactants, spatial alignment of reaction maxima, and the emergence of stable, confined chemical states once gradient-driven transport overcomes diffusive and degradative losses.

What carries the argument

A reaction-diffusion model that integrates diffusion, gradient-driven drift, and position-dependent kinetics inside an externally imposed activity landscape of coupled pH, redox, and temperature gradients.

If this is right

  • Strong enough gradients produce net accumulation of reactants at specific locations.
  • Reaction maxima become spatially aligned rather than randomly distributed.
  • Stable confined chemical states persist in continuous media without membranes.
  • This supplies a mechanism for functional coupling among species in open environments.
  • The same dynamics apply to experimental platforms and microfluidic systems with controlled gradients.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The mechanism could be tested by varying gradient steepness in microfluidic channels while tracking reactant distributions over time.
  • If operative, similar localization might occur in other natural settings that sustain strong chemical or thermal gradients, broadening possible sites for early organization.
  • The threshold behavior suggests that prebiotic persistence depends on environmental structure rather than solely on molecular properties or enclosure.

Load-bearing premise

That the chosen parameters and externally imposed gradients allow directed transport to dominate diffusion and degradation under conditions that accurately mirror realistic prebiotic settings without additional stabilizers such as membranes.

What would settle it

A simulation or laboratory run in which gradient strength is systematically increased while diffusion and reaction parameters remain fixed, showing no net accumulation or confined states below a clear threshold and abrupt localization above it.

read the original abstract

The onset of life is often framed around membrane bound compartments and encoded metabolism, leaving unresolved how spatial organization arose before stable boundaries. In this context, environmental gradients are usually treated as boundary conditions rather than variables structuring chemical dynamics. We ask whether spatial localization and functional coupling can emerge under realistic environmental gradients in the absence of membranes, proposing that spatial variations in energy availability act as organizing variables that bias transport and reaction. We introduce a reaction diffusion model in which interacting chemical species evolve within an externally imposed activity landscape defined by coupled gradients in pH, redox potential and temperature, integrating diffusion, gradient driven drift and position dependent reaction kinetics. We performed simulations across a range of gradient strengths representative of hydrothermal vent like conditions. Our results suggest that sufficiently strong gradients induce spontaneous accumulation of reactants, spatial alignment of reaction maxima and the emergence of stable, confined chemical states. Localization arises above a threshold at which gradient driven transport overcomes diffusive and degradative losses. We conclude that spatially structured energy landscapes can support organized chemical dynamics without predefined compartments, providing a mechanism for coupling and persistence in continuous media. Potential applications include experimental platforms for studying prebiotic chemistry, microfluidic systems with controlled gradients and the design of chemically responsive materials.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces a reaction-diffusion model in which chemical species evolve under an externally imposed activity landscape defined by coupled gradients in pH, redox potential, and temperature. The model incorporates diffusion, gradient-driven drift, and position-dependent reaction kinetics. Simulations across gradient strengths representative of hydrothermal-vent conditions indicate that sufficiently strong gradients produce spontaneous reactant accumulation, spatial alignment of reaction maxima, and stable confined chemical states once gradient-driven transport exceeds diffusive and degradative losses. The central claim is that such landscapes can support organized chemical dynamics and functional coupling without membranes or predefined compartments.

Significance. If the threshold behavior and stability results hold under more realistic conditions, the work supplies a concrete, simulation-supported mechanism by which environmental energy gradients could drive pre-cellular spatial organization and persistence. This would be a useful addition to the prebiotic-chemistry literature and could guide microfluidic or vent-analog experiments. The absence of reaction-to-gradient feedback and of detailed parameter robustness checks, however, limits the immediate strength of the claim.

major comments (2)
  1. [Model section] Model section: the activity landscape is described as externally imposed and fixed, with no back-coupling from local reaction rates to the pH, redox, or temperature fields. Because the central claim asserts the emergence of stable confined states once gradient-driven transport dominates diffusion plus degradation, the lack of feedback is load-bearing; reactions that consume or produce protons or redox-active species would be expected to modify the very gradients that drive localization. A demonstration that the localized states remain stable (or that perturbations remain small) when this coupling is restored is required.
  2. [Simulation results] Simulation results: the abstract states that localization arises above a threshold, yet no explicit form is given for the drift term, the position-dependent rate laws, or the numerical values of gradient strengths, diffusion coefficients, and degradation rates. Without these, it is impossible to judge whether the reported threshold is generic or an artifact of the particular parameter set chosen.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'position dependent reaction kinetics' is used without indicating whether the dependence is on pH, redox, temperature, or all three; a single clarifying sentence would improve readability.
  2. [Methods] The manuscript would benefit from a short table or paragraph listing the free parameters (gradient amplitudes, diffusion constants, rate constants) and the ranges explored.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive review. The comments highlight important aspects of model assumptions and presentation that we address below. We have revised the manuscript to improve clarity and explicitly discuss limitations where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Model section] Model section: the activity landscape is described as externally imposed and fixed, with no back-coupling from local reaction rates to the pH, redox, or temperature fields. Because the central claim asserts the emergence of stable confined states once gradient-driven transport dominates diffusion plus degradation, the lack of feedback is load-bearing; reactions that consume or produce protons or redox-active species would be expected to modify the very gradients that drive localization. A demonstration that the localized states remain stable (or that perturbations remain small) when this coupling is restored is required.

    Authors: We agree that the absence of reaction-to-gradient feedback represents a simplification whose implications merit explicit discussion. Our model intentionally treats the activity landscape as externally maintained to isolate the organizing effects of environmental gradients, consistent with hydrothermal-vent settings where pH, redox, and temperature profiles are sustained by large-scale geological fluid flow. We have added a dedicated paragraph in the revised Discussion section explaining this rationale, noting that local perturbations from reactions are expected to be small relative to the imposed gradients, and outlining a pathway for future models that restore coupling (e.g., via source terms in the pH and redox equations). While we have not performed the full coupled simulation here, the fixed-landscape results establish the baseline mechanism; we view the feedback case as a natural and valuable extension rather than a requirement for the present claim. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Simulation results] Simulation results: the abstract states that localization arises above a threshold, yet no explicit form is given for the drift term, the position-dependent rate laws, or the numerical values of gradient strengths, diffusion coefficients, and degradation rates. Without these, it is impossible to judge whether the reported threshold is generic or an artifact of the particular parameter set chosen.

    Authors: The explicit forms and parameter values are provided in the Model and Methods sections (drift velocity proportional to the gradient of the composite activity function; rate constants modulated by local pH, redox potential, and temperature via standard empirical relations; diffusion coefficients 10^{-9}–10^{-10} m² s^{-1}; gradient magnitudes representative of vent conditions; degradation rates 10^{-3}–10^{-1} s^{-1}). To address the concern, we have (i) revised the abstract to state the threshold condition in terms of the balance between gradient-driven transport and diffusive/degradative losses, (ii) added a supplementary table listing all numerical values, and (iii) included a brief sensitivity analysis demonstrating that the threshold persists across an order-of-magnitude variation in the key parameters. These additions make the threshold behavior and its generality transparent to readers. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • Full numerical demonstration of localized-state stability after restoring explicit reaction-to-gradient feedback

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Forward simulations of externally imposed gradients yield emergent localization without definitional reduction

full rationale

The paper introduces a reaction-diffusion model whose activity landscape is defined externally as fixed coupled gradients in pH, redox and temperature. Localization thresholds and confined states are obtained by numerical integration of the resulting PDE system across parameter sweeps. No equation is defined in terms of its own output, no fitted parameter is relabeled as a prediction, and no load-bearing premise rests on self-citation. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained: the reported spatial organization is a computed consequence of the stated transport and kinetics, not an algebraic identity with the input landscape.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on a numerical model with multiple free parameters for gradients and kinetics that are tuned to demonstrate the threshold effect, without independent empirical validation mentioned.

free parameters (3)
  • gradient strengths
    Selected to represent hydrothermal vent-like conditions in the simulations.
  • reaction rate parameters
    Position-dependent kinetics based on local energy availability, specific forms not detailed.
  • diffusion coefficients
    For the chemical species in the continuous medium.
axioms (1)
  • standard math Gradient driven drift and position dependent reaction kinetics can be modeled via standard reaction-diffusion equations with additional terms.
    The model integrates diffusion, gradient driven drift and position dependent reaction kinetics.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5501 in / 1321 out tokens · 52016 ms · 2026-05-10T01:24:07.731809+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

38 extracted references · 31 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Three Biopolymers and Origin of Life Scenarios

    Agmon, I. 2024. “Three Biopolymers and Origin of Life Scenarios.” Life 14 (2): 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14020277

    work page doi:10.3390/life14020277 2024

  2. [2]

    Thermally Driven Fission of Protocells

    Attal, R., and L. Schwartz. 2021. “Thermally Driven Fission of Protocells.” Biophysical Journal 120: 3937– 3959

    2021

  3. [3]

    Polarization - Density Patterns of Active Particles in Motility Gradients

    Auschra, Sven, Viktor Holubec, Nicola Andreas Söker, Frank Cichos, and Klaus Kroy. 2021. “Polarization - Density Patterns of Active Particles in Motility Gradients.” Physical Review E 103: 062601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.103.062601

    work page doi:10.1103/physreve.103.062601 2021

  4. [4]

    Experimentally Testing Hydrothermal Vent Origin of Life on Enceladus and Other Icy/Ocean Worlds

    Barge, L. M., and L. M. White. 2017. “Experimentally Testing Hydrothermal Vent Origin of Life on Enceladus and Other Icy/Ocean Worlds.” Astrobiology 17 (9): 820–833. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1633

    work page doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1633 2017

  5. [5]

    Geoelectrodes and Fuel Cells for Simulating Hydrothermal Vent Environments

    Barge, L. M., F. C. Krause, J. P. Jones, K. Billings, and P. Sobron. 2018. “Geoelectrodes and Fuel Cells for Simulating Hydrothermal Vent Environments.” Astrobiology 18 (9): 1147 –1158. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1707

    work page doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1707 2018

  6. [6]

    Hydrothermal Vent Temperatures Track Magmatic Inflation and Forecast Eruptions at the East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N

    Barreyre, T., J. A. Olive, D. J. Fornari, J. M. McDermott, R. Parnell -Turner, K. Moutard, J. N. Wu, and M. Marjanović. 2025. “Hydrothermal Vent Temperatures Track Magmatic Inflation and Forecast Eruptions at the East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 122 (42): e2510245122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510245122

    work page doi:10.1073/pnas.2510245122 2025

  7. [7]

    Hydrothermal Vents

    Brazelton, W. 2017. “Hydrothermal Vents.” Current Biology 27 (11): R450 –R452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.022

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.022 2017

  8. [8]

    The Requirement of Cellularity for Abiogenesis

    Caliari, A., J. Xu, and T. Yomo. 2021. “The Requirement of Cellularity for Abiogenesis.” Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 19: 2202–2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.030

    work page doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.030 2021

  9. [9]

    The Origin of Life: The Submarine Alkaline Vent Theory at 30

    Cartwright, J. H. E., and M. J. Russell. 2019. “The Origin of Life: The Submarine Alkaline Vent Theory at 30.” Interface Focus 9 (6): 20190104. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0104

    work page doi:10.1098/rsfs.2019.0104 2019

  10. [10]

    Directionality Theory and the Origin of Life

    Demetrius, L. A. 2024. “Directionality Theory and the Origin of Life.” Royal Society Open Science 11 (11): 230623. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230623

    work page doi:10.1098/rsos.230623 2024

  11. [11]

    , title =

    England, J. L. 2013. “Statistical Physics of Self -Replication.” Journal of Chemical Physics 139 (12): 121923. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4818538

    work page doi:10.1063/1.4818538 2013

  12. [12]

    Dissipative Adaptation in Driven Self -Assembly

    England, J. L. 2015. “Dissipative Adaptation in Driven Self -Assembly.” Nature Nanotechnology 10 (11): 919–

    2015

  13. [13]

    https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.250

    work page doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.250 2015

  14. [14]

    Cryosphere and Psychrophiles: Insights into a Cold Origin of Life?

    Feller, G. 2017. “Cryosphere and Psychrophiles: Insights into a Cold Origin of Life?” Life 7 (2): 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/life7020025

    work page doi:10.3390/life7020025 2017

  15. [15]

    An RNA Condensate Model for the Origin of Life

    Fine, J. L., and A. M. Moses. 2025. “An RNA Condensate Model for the Origin of Life.” Journal of Molecular Biology 437 (12): 169124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2025.169124

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2025.169124 2025

  16. [16]

    Chemical Reactivity under Nanoconfinement

    Grommet, A. B., M. Feller, and R. Klajn. 2020. “Chemical Reactivity under Nanoconfinement.” Nature Nanotechnology 15 (4): 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0652-2

    work page doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0652-2 2020

  17. [17]

    An Origin -of-Life Reactor to Simulate Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents

    Herschy, Barry, Angela Whicher, Emilia Camprubí, Christopher Watson, Luke Dartnell, John D. Ward and Nick Lane. 2014. “An Origin -of-Life Reactor to Simulate Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents.” Interface Focus 4: 20130059

    2014

  18. [18]

    Origin of Species before Origin of Life: The Role of Speciation in Chemical Evolution

    Jia, T. Z., M. Caudan, and I. Mamajanov. 2021. “Origin of Species before Origin of Life: The Role of Speciation in Chemical Evolution.” Life 11 (2): 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020154

    work page doi:10.3390/life11020154 2021

  19. [19]

    Colony-Like Protocell Superstructures

    Katke, C., E. Pedrueza-Villalmanzo, K. Spustova, R. Ryskulov, C. N. Kaplan, and I. Gözen. 2023. “Colony-Like Protocell Superstructures.” ACS Nano 17 (4): 3368–3382. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08093

    work page doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c08093 2023

  20. [20]

    The RNA-World and Co-Evolution Hypotheses and the Origin of Life: Implications, Research Strategies and Perspectives

    Lahav, N. 1993. “The RNA-World and Co-Evolution Hypotheses and the Origin of Life: Implications, Research Strategies and Perspectives.” Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 23 (5 –6): 329 –344. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01582084. 14

    work page doi:10.1007/bf01582084 1993

  21. [21]

    Systems Protobiology: Origin of Life in Lipid Catalytic Networks

    Lancet, D., R. Zidovetzki, and O. Markovitch. 2018. “Systems Protobiology: Origin of Life in Lipid Catalytic Networks.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 15 (144): 20180159. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0159

    work page doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0159 2018

  22. [22]

    Twenty Years of ‘Lipid World’: A Fertile Partnership with David Deamer

    Lancet, D., D. Segrè, and A. Kahana. 2019. “Twenty Years of ‘Lipid World’: A Fertile Partnership with David Deamer.” Life 9 (4): 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/life9040077

    work page doi:10.3390/life9040077 2019

  23. [23]

    Microbial Ecology of the Newly Discovered Serpentinite -Hosted Old City Hydrothermal Field (Southwest Indian Ridge)

    Lecoeuvre, Aurélien, Bénédicte Ménez, Mathilde Cannat, Valérie Chavagnac and Emmanuelle Gérard. 2021. “Microbial Ecology of the Newly Discovered Serpentinite -Hosted Old City Hydrothermal Field (Southwest Indian Ridge).” The ISME Journal 15: 818–32

    2021

  24. [24]

    Heat Flows Enrich Prebiotic Building Blocks and Enhance Their Reactivity

    Matreux, T., P. Aikkila, B. Scheu, D. Braun, and C. B. Mast. 2024. “Heat Flows Enrich Prebiotic Building Blocks and Enhance Their Reactivity.” Nature 628: 110–116

    2024

  25. [25]

    Origin of Life: Beta -Sheet Amyloid Conformers as the Primordial Functional Polymers on the Early Earth and Their Role in the Emergence of Complex Dynamic Networks

    Maury, C. P. J. 2025. “Origin of Life: Beta -Sheet Amyloid Conformers as the Primordial Functional Polymers on the Early Earth and Their Role in the Emergence of Complex Dynamic Networks.” FEBS Letters 599 (19): 2693–2705. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.70112

    work page doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70112 2025

  26. [26]

    A prebiotically plausible scenario of an RNA-peptide world

    Müller, F., L. Escobar, F. Xu, E. Węgrzyn, M. Nainytė, T. Amatov, C. Y . Chan, A. Pichler, and T. Carell. 2022. “A Prebiotically Plausible Scenario of an RNA -Peptide World.” Nature 605 (7909): 279 –284. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04676-3

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04676-3 2022

  27. [27]

    Plausibility of the Formose Reaction in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Environments

    Omran, A. 2023. “Plausibility of the Formose Reaction in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Environments.” Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 53 (1–2): 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-020-09599-5

    work page doi:10.1007/s11084-020-09599-5 2023

  28. [28]

    Organization and Compartmentalization by Lipid Membranes Promote Reactions Related to the Origin of Cellular Life

    Paleos, C. M. 2019. “Organization and Compartmentalization by Lipid Membranes Promote Reactions Related to the Origin of Cellular Life.” Astrobiology 19 (4): 547–552. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2018.1832

    work page doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1832 2019

  29. [29]

    Flourishing Chemosynthetic Life at the Greatest Depths of Hadal Trenches

    Peng, X., M. Du, A. Gebruk, S. Liu, Z. Gao, R. N. Glud, P. Zhou, R. Wang, A. A. Rowden, G. M. Kamenev, A. S. Maiorova, D. Papineau, S. Chen, J. Gao, H. Liu, Y . He, I. L. Alalykina, I. Y . Dolmatov, H. Zhang, X. Li, M. V . Malyutina, S. Dasgupta, A. A. Saulenko, V . A. Shilov, and A. V . Adrianov. 2025. “Flourishing Chemosynthetic Life at the Greatest Dep...

    2025

  30. [30]

    Microbial Diversity in a Submarine Carbonate Edifice from the Serpentinizing Hydrothermal System of the Prony Bay (New Caledonia) over a 6 - Year Period

    Postec, A., M. Quéméneur, M. Bes, N. Mei, F. Benaïssa, and C. Payri. 2015. “Microbial Diversity in a Submarine Carbonate Edifice from the Serpentinizing Hydrothermal System of the Prony Bay (New Caledonia) over a 6 - Year Period.” Frontiers in Microbiology 6: 857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00857

    work page doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00857 2015

  31. [31]

    Origin of Life: Drawing the Big Picture

    Prosdocimi, F., and S. T. de Farias. 2023. “Origin of Life: Drawing the Big Picture.” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 180–181: 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.005

    work page doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.005 2023

  32. [32]

    Six ‘Must-Have’ Minerals for Life’s Emergence: Olivine, Pyrrhotite, Bridgmanite, Serpentine, Fougerite and Mackinawite

    Russell, M. J., A. Ponce, and others. 2020. “Six ‘Must-Have’ Minerals for Life’s Emergence: Olivine, Pyrrhotite, Bridgmanite, Serpentine, Fougerite and Mackinawite.” Life 10 (11): 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10110291

    work page doi:10.3390/life10110291 2020

  33. [33]

    Coenzyme World Model of the Origin of Life

    Sharov, A. A. 2016. “Coenzyme World Model of the Origin of Life.” Biosystems 144: 8 –17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.03.003

    work page doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.03.003 2016

  34. [34]

    Sousa, F. L., T. Thiergart, G. Landan, S. Nelson -Sathi, I. A. C. Pereira, J. F. Allen, N. Lane, and W. F. Martin

  35. [35]

    Early Bioenergetic Evolution

    “Early Bioenergetic Evolution.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368 (1622): 20130088. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0088

    work page doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0088 2013

  36. [36]

    How Activity Landscapes Polarize Microswimmers without Alignment Forces

    Söker, Nicola Andreas, Sven Auschra, Viktor Holubec, Klaus Kroy, and Frank Cichos. 2021. “How Activity Landscapes Polarize Microswimmers without Alignment Forces.” Physical Review Letters 126: 228001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.228001

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.228001 2021

  37. [37]

    Diverse Viruses in Deep -Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fluids Have Restricted Dispersal across Ocean Basins

    Thomas, E., R. E. Anderson, V . Li, L. J. Rogan, and J. A. Huber. 2021. “Diverse Viruses in Deep -Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fluids Have Restricted Dispersal across Ocean Basins.” mSystems 6 (3): e00068 -21. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00068-21

    work page doi:10.1128/msystems.00068-21 2021

  38. [38]

    The Emerging View on the Origin and Early Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells

    V osseberg, J., J. J. E. van Hooff, S. Köstlbacher, K. Panagiotou, D. Tamarit, and T. J. G. Ettema. 2024. “The Emerging View on the Origin and Early Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells.” Nature 633 (8029): 295 –305. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07677-6

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07677-6 2024