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arxiv: 2604.19880 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-21 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.HE· hep-ex

Recognition: unknown

Ultra-High-Energy Tau Neutrinos as Probes of Lorentz Invariance

Vedran Brdar , Samiur R. Mir
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 01:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.HEhep-ex
keywords ultra-high-energy neutrinostau neutrinosLorentz invariance violationcosmogenic neutrinosneutrino flavor transitionsneutrino telescopesGRANDPOEMMA
0
0 comments X

The pith

Ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos can place the most stringent constraints on Lorentz invariance violation.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines how ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos observed by future detectors can test Lorentz invariance violation. Effects from higher-dimension LIV operators strengthen with energy, so cosmogenic neutrinos provide an excellent probe. Using SimProp to generate the flux and computing modified flavor transition probabilities, the work shows that changes in tau event rates at GRAND and POEMMA lead to much stronger bounds than existing ones. Single operator cases give orders of magnitude improvement, while multiple parameters alter the picture through their interplay.

Core claim

The central claim is that upcoming observations of ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos will place some of the most stringent constraints on LIV, with projected sensitivities for single nonzero LIV operators of various dimensions exceeding existing limits by orders of magnitude, and multi-parameter cases showing significantly modified sensitivities due to parameter interplay.

What carries the argument

Calculation of LIV-modified neutrino flavor transition probabilities combined with the cosmogenic neutrino flux from SimProp to predict tau neutrino event rates at GRAND and POEMMA.

If this is right

  • Single nonzero LIV operators of various dimensions yield projected sensitivities orders of magnitude better than lower-energy probes.
  • Multiple nonzero LIV parameters can significantly modify the sensitivities compared to the single-parameter case.
  • Deviations from standard flavor transition probabilities manifest as changes in the expected tau neutrino event rates.
  • Upcoming observations of ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos will place some of the most stringent constraints on LIV.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This approach could elevate ultra-high-energy neutrino observations as a leading method for testing fundamental symmetries beyond the standard model.
  • Detection of LIV effects here might link to quantum gravity signatures at energies reachable by current technology.
  • If confirmed, analyses of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos would need to routinely include LIV modifications.
  • Combinations with other cosmic messengers could cross-check the LIV parameter space in independent ways.

Load-bearing premise

The cosmogenic neutrino flux and its flavor composition at Earth are accurately predicted by SimProp under standard assumptions, and LIV-induced changes translate directly into measurable shifts in tau event rates without significant astrophysical uncertainties.

What would settle it

If high-statistics data from GRAND or POEMMA show tau neutrino event rates consistent with standard predictions and no LIV deviations, this would indicate either no LIV within the sensitivity range or inaccuracies in the flux modeling assumptions.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.19880 by Samiur R. Mir, Vedran Brdar.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Tau neutrino flavor fraction at Earth, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Cosmogenic neutrino fluxes considered in our analysis (red and green lines) are shown along with the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Number of expected tau neutrino events at GRAND with 10 years of data taking as a function of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. The log-likelihood, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Projected sensitivities to LIV parameters for the POEMMA experiment, assuming that only a single [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Projected sensitivities to LIV parameters for the GRAND experiment, assuming that only a single [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. We present the number of expected tau neutrino events at GRAND in energy bins between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Each panel shows the projected sensitivity to a pair of LIV parameters, corresponding to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Each panel shows the projected sensitivity to a pair of LIV parameters, corresponding to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_9.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Neutrino telescopes have detected astrophysical neutrinos with energies up to ${O}(100)$ PeV. Several current and proposed experiments aim to observe neutrinos at even higher energies, with the goal of detecting cosmogenic neutrinos. This increase in neutrino energy makes tests of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) particularly appealing, since the effects of higher-dimension LIV operators on neutrino propagation grow rapidly with energy. In this work, we investigate the potential of the upcoming experiments GRAND and POEMMA to probe LIV in the neutrino sector through the detection of ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos. We generate the cosmogenic neutrino flux using SimProp and interface it with a calculation of neutrino flavor transition probabilities in the presence of LIV effects. Deviations from standard flavor transition probabilities manifest as changes in the expected tau neutrino event rates at GRAND and POEMMA. We first consider the case with a single nonzero LIV operator of various dimensions, and find that the projected sensitivities exceed existing limits from lower-energy probes by orders of magnitude. We then explore scenarios with multiple nonzero LIV parameters and show that their interplay can significantly modify the sensitivities compared to the single-parameter case. Overall, we find that upcoming observations of ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos will place some of the most stringent constraints on LIV.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that ultra-high-energy tau neutrinos detectable by GRAND and POEMMA can probe Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) via modified flavor transition probabilities. Cosmogenic fluxes are generated with SimProp under standard assumptions, LIV operators (single and multiple) are added to the propagation Hamiltonian, and the resulting deviations in tau event rates are used to project sensitivities that exceed existing limits by orders of magnitude for single operators, with modified reach in multi-parameter scenarios.

Significance. If the projections remain robust after addressing flux uncertainties, the work would establish UHE tau-neutrino observations as a leading probe of LIV in the neutrino sector, exploiting the rapid growth of higher-dimensional operator effects with energy. The explicit treatment of multi-operator interplay is a constructive addition. Use of the public SimProp code supports reproducibility of the baseline flux.

major comments (2)
  1. [§2] §2 (Flux generation): The cosmogenic neutrino flux and 1:1:1 flavor composition at Earth are computed with SimProp using fixed parameters for source evolution, injection spectrum, and nuclear composition. No scan or marginalization over these astrophysical inputs is performed, even though literature shows O(1) variations in all-flavor normalization and flavor ratios. This directly affects whether LIV-induced shifts in tau rates exceed astrophysical modeling errors, which is load-bearing for the headline sensitivity claim.
  2. [§4] §4 (Projected sensitivities, single-operator results): The quoted order-of-magnitude improvement over existing limits is derived from rate deviations relative to the fixed SimProp baseline. Without propagating flux uncertainties into the event-rate predictions or sensitivity curves, it is unclear whether the claimed improvement survives when source parameters are varied within current UHECR constraints.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that sensitivities 'exceed existing limits by orders of magnitude' but does not quote the numerical factors or reference the specific existing bounds being compared; adding these in the results section would improve clarity.
  2. [§3] Notation for the LIV effective operators (e.g., the dimension-5 and dimension-6 coefficients) is introduced in §3 but could be summarized in a table for quick reference when multiple operators are considered simultaneously.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments and positive overall assessment. We address the major concerns regarding astrophysical uncertainties below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the robustness of our projections.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§2] §2 (Flux generation): The cosmogenic neutrino flux and 1:1:1 flavor composition at Earth are computed with SimProp using fixed parameters for source evolution, injection spectrum, and nuclear composition. No scan or marginalization over these astrophysical inputs is performed, even though literature shows O(1) variations in all-flavor normalization and flavor ratios. This directly affects whether LIV-induced shifts in tau rates exceed astrophysical modeling errors, which is load-bearing for the headline sensitivity claim.

    Authors: We acknowledge the use of fixed SimProp parameters in the original analysis. The LIV effects we consider exhibit strong energy dependence that amplifies deviations at ultra-high energies, making them distinguishable from O(1) astrophysical variations in normalization and flavor ratios. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated discussion (new subsection in §2) that varies source evolution, injection spectrum, and nuclear composition within current UHECR-allowed ranges drawn from the literature. We show that the resulting spread in tau event rates is smaller than the LIV-induced shifts for the parameter space where our sensitivity claims are made, thereby supporting the headline results while qualifying them appropriately. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [§4] §4 (Projected sensitivities, single-operator results): The quoted order-of-magnitude improvement over existing limits is derived from rate deviations relative to the fixed SimProp baseline. Without propagating flux uncertainties into the event-rate predictions or sensitivity curves, it is unclear whether the claimed improvement survives when source parameters are varied within current UHECR constraints.

    Authors: We have updated §4 and the associated figures to propagate representative flux uncertainties. Error bands on the sensitivity curves now reflect O(1) variations in all-flavor normalization and flavor composition consistent with UHECR constraints. These bands demonstrate that the order-of-magnitude improvement over existing limits remains intact for the central values and across most of the uncertainty range, especially for higher-dimensional operators. The revised text explicitly states this robustness check. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Forward projection using external SimProp flux and standard LIV operators; no reduction to fitted inputs or self-citations.

full rationale

The paper generates cosmogenic fluxes via the public SimProp code under standard assumptions, computes flavor transition probabilities with conventional higher-dimensional LIV operators, and maps deviations to projected event rates at GRAND/POEMMA. No parameter is fitted to the target dataset and then relabeled as a prediction, no self-citation supplies a load-bearing uniqueness theorem or ansatz, and the central result is a sensitivity forecast rather than a closed derivation. The fixed-flux assumption affects robustness but does not create circularity by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the standard three-flavor neutrino oscillation framework plus effective-field-theory LIV operators of dimension 5 and higher; no new particles or forces are introduced. The cosmogenic flux is taken from an external public code whose internal parameters are not re-fitted here.

axioms (2)
  • standard math Standard three-flavor neutrino mixing and propagation in vacuum or matter
    Invoked when computing baseline flavor transition probabilities before adding LIV terms.
  • domain assumption Effective field theory description of Lorentz invariance violation via higher-dimensional operators
    The paper assumes the usual EFT expansion for LIV effects on neutrino dispersion relations.

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