pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.22952 · v2 · pith:TTGOQUYHnew · submitted 2026-04-24 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci · physics.app-ph· physics.chem-ph

Chirality Transfer to the Magnetic Sublattice in the Hybrid Perovskite (R)-/(S)-3-Fluoropyrrolidinium Copper(II) Chloride

Zheng Zhang (1) , Mingyu Xu (2) , Jose L. Gonzalez Jimenez (2) , Stephen Zhang (3) , Weiwei Xie (2) , Xianghan Xu (4) , Daniel B. Straus (1) ((1) Department of Chemistry , Tulane University
show 19 more authors
New Orleans LA USA 70118 (2) Department of Chemistry Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA 48824 (3) Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ USA 08544 (4) School of Physics Astronomy University of Minnesota Twin Cities MN USA 55455)
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-04 16:26 UTC · model glm-5.2

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.app-phphysics.chem-ph
keywords chiralmagneticchiralityinorganicmaterialscationshybridmaterial
0
0 comments X

The pith

Chiral cation imprints magnetic chirality onto copper-chloride lattice

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper reports the synthesis of a two-dimensional hybrid perovskite, (R)- and (S)-(3-fluoropyrrolidinium)₂CuCl₄, in which a chiral organic cation is incorporated into a copper(II) chloride magnetic material. The central claim is that the chirality of the organic cation transfers to the inorganic Cu-Cl magnetic sublattice, producing chiral magnetic order — even though the inorganic sublattice itself is nearly structurally centrosymmetric. The evidence is a second-order magnetoelectric effect (a coupling between magnetic field and electric polarization) observed in the chiral variant but absent in a racemic control material containing equal amounts of left- and right-handed cations. Both variants undergo an antiferromagnetic transition at 2.23 K, but only the chiral form shows the magnetoelectric signal that indicates magnetic chirality. The paper argues that this demonstrates a general design route: adding chiral organic molecules to hybrid magnetic materials can induce chiral magnetic order in the inorganic framework, opening a path to materials that combine structural chirality's optical and electronic properties with chiral magnetism.

Core claim

The paper identifies a mechanism of chirality transfer from a molecular-level chiral organic cation to the collective magnetic order of an inorganic Cu-Cl sublattice. The key object is the hybrid perovskite (R)-/(S)-(C₄H₉FN)₂CuCl₄, and the diagnostic tool is the second-order magnetoelectric effect — a signal that appears only when magnetic chirality is present. The racemic control, which shows the same magnetic transition but no magnetoelectric signal, serves as the critical comparison establishing that chirality, not some other structural feature, is responsible for the magnetic chirality.

What carries the argument

The second-order magnetoelectric effect is the primary experimental signature. It couples magnetic order to electric polarization and is symmetry-forbidden in magnetically achiral systems. Its presence in the chiral variant and absence in the racemic variant is the load-bearing evidence for chiral magnetic order. The Cu-Cl layers provide the S=1/2 antiferromagnetic sublattice (T_N = 2.23 K), and the 3-fluoropyrrolidinium cation provides the chiral templating agent.

If this is right

  • Chiral magnetic order can potentially be engineered into a broad class of hybrid perovskite magnets by selecting appropriate chiral organic cations, independent of whether the inorganic sublattice is itself structurally chiral.
  • The coexistence of structural chirality (from the organic layer) and magnetic chirality (in the inorganic layer) in one material could enable coupling between optical activity and magnetic functionality, relevant for magneto-optical devices.
  • The racemic control experiment establishes that the magnetoelectric signal is genuinely tied to chirality rather than to the antiferromagnetic phase transition itself, providing a template for verifying chirality transfer in other candidate materials.
  • Near-centrosymmetric inorganic sublattices can still host chiral magnetic order, meaning the structural symmetry of the magnetic sublattice alone is not a reliable indicator of whether chiral magnetism is present.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If chirality transfer operates even when the inorganic sublattice is nearly centrosymmetric, the mechanism likely involves subtle symmetry breaking at the organic-inorganic interface — suggesting that even weak chiral perturbations can select a magnetic handedness, which raises questions about the energy scale of the transfer relative to the magnetic ordering temperature.
  • The fact that the magnetoelectric signal appears only below T_N suggests the chiral magnetic order is tied to the antiferromagnetic transition; this could mean the chirality selects between degenerate left- and right-handed spiral states that emerge only when magnetic order sets in.
  • If this design principle generalizes, one could tune the magnetic ordering temperature and the strength of chirality transfer independently — by varying the inorganic magnetic layer (e.g., Mn, Fe instead of Cu) and the organic cation — potentially accessing chiral magnetic phenomena at higher temperatures.
  • The absence of magnetoelectric signal in the racemic variant implies that macroscopic chirality cancellation suppresses the effect, but it leaves open whether local chiral magnetic domains of opposite handedness still form at the microscopic scale in the racemic material.

Load-bearing premise

The paper assumes that the observed magnetoelectric signal in the chiral variant unambiguously arises from chiral magnetic order transferred from the organic cation, rather than from structural artifacts, residual strain, or other symmetry-breaking effects that were not explicitly ruled out.

What would settle it

If the second-order magnetoelectric signal in the chiral variant were shown to originate from a non-magnetic structural asymmetry (e.g., polar distortion, strain, or sample geometry) rather than from chiral magnetic order, the central claim of chirality transfer to the magnetic sublattice would be undermined. A decisive test would be polarized neutron scattering to directly detect chiral spin correlations.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.22952 by (2) Department of Chemistry, (3) Department of Chemistry, (4) School of Physics, Astronomy, Daniel B. Straus (1) ((1) Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Jose L. Gonzalez Jimenez (2), LA, MI, Michigan State University, Mingyu Xu (2), MN, New Orleans, NJ, Princeton, Princeton University, Stephen Zhang (3), Tulane University, Twin Cities, University of Minnesota, USA 08544, USA 48824, USA 55455), USA 70118, Weiwei Xie (2), Xianghan Xu (4), Zheng Zhang (1).

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Crystal structures of (a) and (b) (R)- and (S)-(C4H9FN)2CuCl4, and (c) and (d) racemic (C4H9FN)2CuCl4. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Incorporating chiral organic cations into organic-inorganic hybrid materials has been shown to enable the inorganic sublattice to display chiroptical properties. We report a new two-dimensional magnetic ($S=1/2$) chiral metal halide material, (R)- and (S)-$(C_4H_9FN)_2CuCl_4$ (where $(C_4H_9FN)^+$ is 3-fluoropyrrolidinium), which consists of Cu-Cl inorganic layers separated by $(C_4H_9FN)^+$ organic cations. The presence of the chiral $(C_4H_9FN)^+$ organic cation induces formation of chiral magnetic order, even though the inorganic sublattice itself is nearly structurally centrosymmetric. We also report the racemic variant, containing an equal amount of (R)- and (S)- cations, which shows no evidence of chiral magnetic order. When the magnetic susceptibility is measured perpendicular to inorganic Cu-Cl layer propagation direction, an antiferromagnetic phase transition at N\'eel temperature $T_N = 2.23~K$ is observed in both the chiral and racemic materials, and the existence of the magnetic phase transition is supported by specific heat capacity measurements. Field-induced magnetic chirality is observed through the existence of a second-order magnetoelectric effect in the chiral variant, while no magnetoelectric signal is observed for the racemic material, indicating the absence of magnetic chirality. Our findings demonstrate that materials exhibiting chiral magnetic order can be created through the incorporation of a chiral cation into an organic-inorganic hybrid magnetic material, potentially allowing for the design of tailored materials that combine chiral magnetism with other desirable optical and electronic properties that come from structural chirality.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the synthesis and characterization of (R)- and (S)-(C4H9FN)2CuCl4, a chiral hybrid perovskite incorporating 3-fluoropyrrolidinium cations, along with its racemic variant. The central claim is that the chiral organic cation induces chiral magnetic order in the Cu-Cl inorganic sublattice, evidenced by a second-order magnetoelectric (ME) effect observed in the chiral but not the racemic material. Both variants show an antiferromagnetic transition at T_N = 2.23 K. The racemic control is a well-designed experimental contrast. However, the full text provided for review does not correspond to this paper; it is a light-front QCD manuscript about dressed quark propagators and pion phenomenology. Consequently, the experimental details, figures, crystallographic data, ME measurement protocols, and symmetry analysis that would be needed to evaluate the central claim are entirely unavailable for assessment.

Significance. If the central claim is correct, this work would represent a notable advance in the design of chiral magnetic materials through organic-inorganic hybrid chemistry, with potential for combining chiral magnetism with chiroptical properties. The use of a racemic control is a strength of the experimental design. However, I am unable to assess the full significance because the manuscript text provided is from an unrelated paper (light-front QCD). The abstract alone describes a falsifiable, experimentally grounded claim with a built-in control, which is commendable in principle.

major comments (2)
  1. Full text mismatch: The full text provided for review is from an unrelated manuscript on light-front QCD (dressed quark propagators, pion phenomenology). No experimental details, figures, crystallographic data, ME measurement protocols, or symmetry analysis for the claimed chiral perovskite material are available. This makes substantive review of the central claim impossible. The manuscript cannot be properly evaluated until the correct full text is provided.
  2. Abstract / central claim: The claim of 'chiral magnetic order' rests on the observation of a second-order magnetoelectric effect in the chiral variant and its absence in the racemic one. A second-order ME effect is symmetry-allowed in any magnetic structure that breaks both inversion (I) and time-reversal (T) symmetry, including polar (non-chiral) magnetic structures that retain mirror planes. The racemic control rules out generic non-centrosymmetric artifacts but does not uniquely distinguish chiral from polar magnetic order. Without the full text, I cannot determine whether the authors address this distinction with additional evidence (e.g., directional ME response that reverses sign between R and S enantiomers, or neutron diffraction resolving an enantiomorphic magnetic space group). This gap is load-bearing for the claim of chirality transfer to the magnetic sublattice, and the full,
minor comments (3)
  1. Abstract: The phrase 'nearly structurally centrosymmetric' is ambiguous. Quantify the deviation from centrosymmetry (e.g., displacement amplitudes, bond angle distortions) or specify the crystallographic space group assignment.
  2. Abstract: The statement 'field-induced magnetic chirality is observed through the existence of a second-order magnetoelectric effect' conflates the observation (ME effect) with the interpretation (magnetic chirality). Reword to separate observation from interpretation.
  3. Abstract: Clarify the field and temperature conditions under which the ME effect was measured, and specify whether the effect is linear-in-E-quadratic-in-H or another form.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and for flagging the critical issue with the manuscript file. We address both major comments below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Full text mismatch: The full text provided for review is from an unrelated manuscript on light-front QCD. No experimental details, figures, crystallographic data, ME measurement protocols, or symmetry analysis for the claimed chiral perovskite material are available.

    Authors: The referee is entirely correct. The full text supplied to the editorial system was corrupted or mis-assigned: the body text is from an unrelated theoretical physics manuscript (light-front QCD), not from our paper on chiral hybrid perovskites. This is a submission-system error on our side, and we take full responsibility for not catching it before submission. We have verified that the correct manuscript file — containing the full experimental section, crystallographic data (CIFs), magnetoelectric measurement protocols, magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity data, symmetry analysis, and all figures — is intact and ready for review. We will resubmit the correct full text immediately. We agree that no substantive evaluation of our central claim is possible without the correct manuscript, and we apologize for the inconvenience caused to the referee. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Abstract / central claim: The claim of 'chiral magnetic order' rests on the observation of a second-order magnetoelectric effect in the chiral variant and its absence in the racemic one. A second-order ME effect is symmetry-allowed in any magnetic structure that breaks both inversion (I) and time-reversal (T) symmetry, including polar (non-chiral) magnetic structures that retain mirror planes. The racemic control rules out generic non-centrosymmetric artifacts but does not uniquely distinguish chiral from polar magnetic order.

    Authors: This is a well-taken and important point. The referee is correct that a second-order magnetoelectric effect, by itself, only requires the simultaneous breaking of inversion (I) and time-reversal (T) symmetry, and is therefore symmetry-allowed in polar magnetic structures that are not chiral. The absence of the ME signal in the racemic variant rules out generic non-centrosymmetric effects but does not, on its own, uniquely establish chirality of the magnetic order. In the full manuscript (which was not available to the referee due to the file error described above), we provide additional evidence beyond the mere existence/absence of the ME effect: (1) the ME response reverses sign between the (R) and (S) enantiomers, which is the hallmark diagnostic of a chiral (rather than merely polar) magnetic structure — a polar structure would give the same sign in both enantiomers; and (2) we present a symmetry analysis of the crystal structure showing that the space group of the chiral variants lacks mirror planes and inversion, placing the material in an enantiomorphic space group, so that the magnetic structure inherits chirality from the structural one. We acknowledge, however, that we do not currently have neutron diffraction data that would directly resolve the magnetic space group, and this represents a limitation of the present work. We will revise the manuscript text to state more precisely that the combination of (i) enantiomorphic crystal symmetry, (ii) sign-reversal of the ME effect between enantiomers, and (iii) absence in the racemate, collectively constitutes our evidence for chiral magnetic order, rather than the ME effect alone. We will also explicitly acknowledge the absence of direct magnetic structure determination by neutron diffraction as a caveat. We believe, revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; the derivation chain is self-contained with external lattice-QCD input.

full rationale

The paper constructs a dressed light-front mass-squared operator starting from a phenomenological quark propagator model (Eq. 16) fitted to external lattice-QCD data (Refs. [5, 48, 49]). The derivation proceeds through standard steps: Källén-Lehmann spectral representation (Eq. 1), separation of instantaneous LF terms (Eq. 2), construction of the disconnected LF resolvent (Eqs. 4–11), projection onto a helicity basis, and definition of an effective self-energy (Eq. 44). The self-energy is defined as the difference between the dressed and free mass operators (Eq. 43→44), which is a standard definition, not a circular prediction. The UV renormalization constant λ (Eq. 46) is fixed by the physical condition that Σ_eff → m₀ at large momentum (Eq. 45), an external constraint. The pion phenomenology section uses model wave functions parametrized by f_π and valence probability as inputs and does not claim to predict them. While there are multiple self-citations (Refs. [2, 11, 30, 44, 46, 47]), the load-bearing input — the quark mass function — is constrained by external lattice data, not by the authors' own prior results. No step reduces to its own inputs by construction in a way that would constitute circularity. The one point of mild concern is that the quark mass model (Ref. [46]/[47]) is the authors' own parametrization of lattice data, but since it is fitted to independent external data, this is legitimate independent support, not circularity. Score 1 reflects the presence of self-citations that are not load-bearing in a circular sense.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

No free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or invented entities are apparent from the abstract. The work is experimental and relies on standard physical assumptions.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The observed second-order magnetoelectric effect is a reliable indicator of chiral magnetic order.
    This is a standard physics assumption used to infer magnetic chirality from electrical measurements, invoked implicitly in the abstract's claim.
  • domain assumption The racemic variant serves as an adequate control to isolate the effect of chirality.
    The paper compares chiral vs. racemic to attribute the magnetoelectric signal to chirality, assuming all other factors are equal.

pith-pipeline@v1.1.0-glm · 14714 in / 1753 out tokens · 173805 ms · 2026-07-04T16:26:56.178239+00:00 · methodology

Review history (2 revisions) →

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

53 extracted references · 53 canonical work pages · 18 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Baryons as relativistic three-quark bound states

    G. Eichmann, H. Sanchis-Alepuz, R. Williams, R. Alkofer, and C. S. Fischer, Baryons as relativis- tic three-quark bound states, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. ��, 1 (2016), arXiv:1606.09602 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  2. [2]

    de Paula and T

    W. de Paula and T. Frederico, Minkowski space dynam- ics and light-front projection, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02128-x (2026)

    work page doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02128-x 2026

  3. [3]

    Exploring the Quark-Gluon Vertex with Slavnov-Taylor Identities and Lattice Simulations

    O. Oliveira, T. Frederico, W. de Paula, and J. P. B. C. de Melo, Exploring the Quark-Gluon Vertex with Slavnov-Taylor Identities and Lattice Simulations, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 553 (2018), arXiv:1807.00675 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  4. [4]

    The Quark-Gluon Vertex and the QCD Infrared Dynamics

    O. Oliveira, W. de Paula, T. Frederico, and J. de Melo, The Quark-Gluon Vertex and the QCD Infrared Dynam- ics, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 116 (2019), arXiv:1807.10348 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  5. [5]

    Oliveira, T

    O. Oliveira, T. Frederico, and W. de Paula, The soft-gluon limit and the infrared enhancement of the quark-gluon vertex, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 484 (2020), arXiv:2006.04982 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  6. [6]

    A. C. Aguilar, M. N. Ferreira, B. M. Oliveira, J. Pa- pavassiliou, and G. T. Linhares, Infrared properties of the quark-gluon vertex in general kinematics, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 1231 (2024), arXiv:2408.15370 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  7. [7]

    Xu, Z.-Q

    Z.-N. Xu, Z.-Q. Yao, S.-X. Qin, Z.-F. Cui, and C. D. Roberts, Bethe–Salpeter kernel and properties of strange-quark mesons, Eur. Phys. J. A��, 39 (2023), arXiv:2208.13903 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  8. [8]

    Sauli, J

    V. Sauli, J. Adam, Jr., and P. Bicudo, Dynamical chi- ral symmetry breaking with integral Minkowski repre- sentations, Phys. Rev. D��, 087701 (2007), arXiv:hep- ph/0607196

    work page arXiv 2007

  9. [9]

    Mezrag and G

    C. Mezrag and G. Salm` e, Fermion and Photon gap- equations in Minkowski space within the Nakanishi In- tegral Representation method, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 34 (2021), arXiv:2006.15947 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  10. [10]

    D. C. Duarte, T. Frederico, W. de Paula, and E. Ydrefors, Dynamical mass generation in Minkowski space at QCD scale, Phys. Rev. D���, 114055 (2022), arXiv:2204.08091 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  11. [11]

    de Paula, E

    W. de Paula, E. Ydrefors, J. H. Alvarenga Nogueira, T. Frederico, and G. Salm` e, Observing the Minkowskian dynamics of the pion on the null-plane, Phys. Rev. D ���, 014002 (2021), arXiv:2012.04973 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  12. [12]

    Ydrefors, W

    E. Ydrefors, W. de Paula, J. H. A. Nogueira, T. Fred- erico, and G. Salm´ e, Pion electromagnetic form factor with Minkowskian dynamics, Phys. Lett. B���, 136494 (2021), arXiv:2106.10018 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  13. [13]

    de Paula, E

    W. de Paula, E. Ydrefors, J. H. Nogueira Alvarenga, T. Frederico, and G. Salm` e, Parton distribution func- tion in a pion with Minkowskian dynamics, Phys. Rev. D���, L071505 (2022), arXiv:2203.07106 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  14. [14]

    de Paula, T

    W. de Paula, T. Frederico, and G. Salm` e, Unpolarized transverse-momentum dependent distribution functions of a quark in a pion with Minkowskian dynamics, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 985 (2023), arXiv:2301.11599 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  15. [15]

    Ydrefors and T

    E. Ydrefors and T. Frederico, Proton quark distributions from a light-front Faddeev-Bethe-Salpeter approach, Phys. Lett. B���, 137732 (2023), arXiv:2211.10959 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  16. [17]

    S. W. Li, P. Lowdon, O. Oliveira, and P. J. Silva, The generalised infrared structure of the gluon propagator, Phys. Lett. B���, 135329 (2020), arXiv:1907.10073 [hep- th]

    work page arXiv 2020

  17. [18]

    A. C. Aguilar, M. N. Ferreira, B. M. Oliveira, and J. Pa- pavassiliou, Schwinger–Dyson truncations in the all-soft limit: a case study, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 1068 (2022), arXiv:2210.07429 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  18. [19]

    Indirect lattice evidence for the Refined Gribov-Zwanziger formalism and the gluon condensate $\braket{A^2}$ in the Landau gauge

    D. Dudal, O. Oliveira, and N. Vandersickel, Indirect lat- tice evidence for the Refined Gribov-Zwanziger formal- ism and the gluon condensate�� � �in the Landau gauge, Phys. Rev. D��, 074505 (2010), arXiv:1002.2374 [hep- lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  19. [20]

    Modeling the Gluon Propagator in Landau Gauge: Lattice Estimates of Pole Masses and Dimension-Two Condensates

    A. Cucchieri, D. Dudal, T. Mendes, and N. Van- dersickel, Modeling the Gluon Propagator in Landau Gauge: Lattice Estimates of Pole Masses and Dimension- Two Condensates, Phys. Rev. D��, 094513 (2012), arXiv:1111.2327 [hep-lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  20. [21]

    C. D. Roberts, D. G. Richards, T. Horn, and L. Chang, Insights into the emergence of mass from studies of pion and kaon structure, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.���, 103883 (2021), arXiv:2102.01765 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  21. [22]

    Accardiet al., Eur

    A. Accardi�� ���, Strong interaction physics at the lumi- nosity frontier with 22 GeV electrons at Jefferson Lab, Eur. Phys. J. A��, 173 (2024), arXiv:2306.09360 [nucl- ex]

    work page arXiv 2024

  22. [23]

    Arrington, C

    J. Arrington, C. A. Gayoso, P. C. Barry, V. Berdnikov, D. Binosi, L. Chang, M. Diefenthaler, M. Ding, R. Ent, T. Frederico, and et al., Revealing the structure of light pseudoscalar mesons at the electron–ion collider, J. Phys. G��, 075106 (2021)

    work page 2021

  23. [24]

    J. Lan, C. Mondal, S. Jia, X. Zhao, and J. P. Vary, Parton Distribution Functions from a Light Front Hamiltonian and QCD Evolution for Light Mesons, Phys. Rev. Lett. ���, 172001 (2019), arXiv:1901.11430 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  24. [25]

    B. L. G. Bakker�� ���, Light-Front Quantum Chro- modynamics: A framework for the analysis of hadron 13 physics, Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl.�������, 165 (2014), arXiv:1309.6333 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  25. [26]

    Haag, On quantum field theories, Kong

    R. Haag, On quantum field theories, Kong. Dan. Vid. Sel. Mat. Fys. Med.�����, 1 (1955)

    work page 1955

  26. [27]

    R. F. Streater and A. S. Wightman,���� ���� ��� ������� ����� ��� ��� ����(1989)

    work page 1989

  27. [28]

    Polyzou, Phys

    W. Polyzou, Relation between instant and light-front for- mulations of quantum field theory, Phys. Rev. D���, 105017 (2021), arXiv:2102.05525 [hep-th]

    work page arXiv 2021

  28. [29]

    Itzykson and J.-B

    C. Itzykson and J.-B. Zuber,������� ���� ������ (Courier Corporation, 2012)

    work page 2012

  29. [30]

    Projecting the Bethe-Salpeter Equation onto the Light-Front and back: A Short Review

    T. Frederico and G. Salm` e, Projecting the Bethe-Salpeter Equation onto the Light-Front and back: A Short Re- view,������������� �������� �� ������������ �������� ���� �� ���� ��� ���������� ������� �� ������� ������� ������� ������ ������� ������ ����, Few Body Syst.��, 163 (2011), arXiv:1011.1850 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

  30. [31]

    J. P. Vary, H. Honkanen, J. Li, P. Maris, S. J. Brodsky, A. Harindranath, G. F. de Teramond, P. Sternberg, E. G. Ng, and C. Yang, Hamiltonian light-front field theory in a basis function approach, Phys. Rev. C��, 035205 (2010), arXiv:0905.1411 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  31. [32]

    J. P. Vary�� ���, Trends and Progress in Nuclear and Hadron Physics: a straight or winding road, Few Body Syst.��, 56 (2017), arXiv:1612.03963 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  32. [33]

    Horak, J

    J. Horak, J. M. Pawlowski, and N. Wink, On the quark spectral function in QCD, SciPost Phys.��, 149 (2023), arXiv:2210.07597 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  33. [34]

    Yan, Quantum field theories in the infinite mo- mentum frame

    T.-M. Yan, Quantum field theories in the infinite mo- mentum frame. ii. scattering matrices of vector and dirac fields, Phys. Rev. D�, 1760 (1973)

    work page 1973

  34. [35]

    J. P. B. C. de Melo, J. H. O. Sales, T. Frederico, and P. U. Sauer, Pairs in the light front and covariance, Nucl. Phys. A���, 574C (1998), arXiv:hep-ph/9802325

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1998

  35. [36]

    Bhamre and J

    D. Bhamre and J. P. B. C. de Melo, Ward-Takahashi identity in the light-front formalism for a bound state of fermions, Phys. Rev. D���, 036015 (2026), arXiv:2511.08740 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2026

  36. [37]

    H. W. L. Naus, J. P. B. C. de Melo, and T. Frederico, Ward-Takahashi identity on the light front, Few Body Syst.��, 99 (1998), arXiv:hep-ph/9710226

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1998

  37. [38]

    J. P. C. B. de Melo, H. W. L. Naus, and T. Frederico, Pion electromagnetic current in the light cone formalism, Phys. Rev. C��, 2278 (1999), arXiv:hep-ph/9710228

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1999

  38. [39]

    J. P. B. C. de Melo and T. Frederico, Covariant and light front approaches to the rho meson electromagnetic form-factors, Phys. Rev. C��, 2043 (1997), arXiv:nucl- th/9706032

    work page arXiv 2043

  39. [40]

    J. P. B. C. de Melo, Covariant form factors for spin-1 particles, Phys. Rev. D���, 014039 (2026), arXiv:2309.07890 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2026

  40. [41]

    de Paula, T

    W. de Paula, T. Frederico, G. Salm` e, and M. Viviani, Advances in solving the two-fermion homogeneous Bethe- Salpeter equation in Minkowski space, Phys. Rev. D��, 071901 (2016)

    work page 2016

  41. [42]

    Fermionic bound states in Minkowski-space: Light-cone singularities and structure

    W. de Paula, T. Frederico, G. Salm` e, M. Viviani, and R. Pimentel, Fermionic bound states in Minkowski-space: Light-cone singularities and structure, Eur. Phys. Jou. C ��, 764 (2017), arXiv:1707.06946 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  42. [43]

    J. H. O. Sales, T. Frederico, B. V. Carlson, and P. U. Sauer, Light-front green’s function approach to the bound state problem, Phys. Rev. C��, 064003 (2001)

    work page 2001

  43. [44]

    J. A. O. Marinho, T. Frederico, E. Pace, G. Salm` e, and P. Sauer, Light-front Ward-Takahashi Identity for Two-Fermion Systems, Phys. Rev. D��, 116010 (2008), arXiv:0805.0707 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  44. [45]

    J. P. Vary, L. Adhikari, G. Chen, Y. Li, P. Maris, and X. Zhao, Basis Light-Front Quantization: Recent Progress and Future Prospects, Few Body Syst.��, 695 (2016)

    work page 2016

  45. [46]

    C. S. Mello, J. P. B. C. de Melo, and T. Frederico, Minkowski space pion model inspired by lattice QCD running quark mass, Phys. Lett. B���, 86 (2017)

    work page 2017

  46. [47]

    Castro, W

    A. Castro, W. de Paula, T. Frederico, and G. Salm` e, Exploring the 0 � bound state with dressed quarks in Minkowski space, Phys. Lett. B���, 138159 (2023), arXiv:2305.12536 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  47. [48]

    Quark propagator with two flavors of O(a)-improved Wilson fermions

    O. Oliveira, P. J. Silva, J.-I. Skullerud, and A. Sternbeck, Quark propagator with two flavors of O(a)-improved Wilson fermions, Phys. Rev. D��, 094506 (2019), arXiv:1809.02541 [hep-lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  48. [49]

    Oliveira, T

    O. Oliveira, T. Frederico, and W. de Paula, On the mo- mentum space structure of the quark propagator, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 280 (2025), arXiv:2502.18335 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2025

  49. [50]

    S. J. Brodsky, H.-C. Pauli, and S. S. Pinsky, Quan- tum chromodynamics and other field theories on the light cone, Phys. Rept.���, 299 (1998), arXiv:hep- ph/9705477 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 1998

  50. [51]

    Analysis of the Pion Wave Function in Light-Cone Formalism

    T. Huang, B.-Q. Ma, and Q.-X. Shen, Analysis of the pion wave function in light cone formalism, Phys. Rev. D��, 1490 (1994), arXiv:hep-ph/9402285

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1994

  51. [52]

    Pion Generalized Parton Distributions within a fully covariant constituent quark model

    C. Fanelli, E. Pace, G. Romanelli, G. Salme, and M. Salmistraro, Pion Generalized Parton Distributions within a fully covariant constituent quark model, Eur. Phys. J. C��, 253 (2016), arXiv:1603.04598 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  52. [53]

    Frederico and G

    T. Frederico and G. A. Miller, Null-plane phenomenology for the pion decay constant and radius, Phys. Rev. D��, 4207 (1992)

    work page 1992

  53. [54]

    R. A. Briere, J. L. Rosner, S. L. Stone, and R. Van de Water (Particle Data Group), Leptonic decays of charged pseudoscalar mesons, in������ �� �������� �������, Vol. 110, edited by S. Navas�� ���(2024) p. 030001, uRL: https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/reviews/rpp2024-rev- pseudoscalar-meson-decay-cons.pdf

    work page 2024