arxiv: 2604.24435 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-27 · ⚛️ nucl-ex · hep-ex

Recognition: unknown

Measurement of jet photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions without nuclear breakup at sqrt{s_NN} = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

ATLAS Collaboration

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 17:14 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex hep-ex

keywords jet photoproductionultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisionsphoton-Pomeronrapidity gaptemplate fitATLAS detectorLHCnuclear collisions

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The pith

Template fit to rapidity gaps enables first measurement of photon-Pomeron jet production in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions without nuclear breakup

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper measures jet production in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV where neither nucleus breaks up, using 1.72 nb^{-1} of ATLAS data. The events contain a mixture of photon-pomeron, photon-photon, and peripheral photonuclear processes. A template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution statistically separates these contributions. This separation allows the first extraction of the γ+IP→jets cross-section in nuclear collisions at the LHC. Comparisons of electromagnetic dissociation rates to single-sided neutron emission cases indicate that 0n0n events select more peripheral γ+A collisions.

Core claim

In 0n0n ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV, the minimum rapidity gap distribution is used to statistically separate photon-pomeron (γ+IP→jets), photon-photon (γ+γ→jets), and peripheral photonuclear (γ+A→jets) processes. This statistical separation allows the first measurement of γ+IP→jets cross-sections. The kinematics are determined from R=0.4 anti-k_t jets. Additionally, the rate of electromagnetic dissociation in 0n0n γ+A→jets events is measured and compared to single-sided neutron emission cases, supporting that these events select more peripheral γ+A collisions.

What carries the argument

Template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution that statistically separates photon-pomeron, photon-photon, and peripheral photonuclear jet production processes.

If this is right

The first measurement of γ+IP→jets cross-sections in nuclear collisions at the LHC is obtained.
Kinematics of the hard processes are determined from R=0.4 jets reconstructed with the anti-k_t algorithm.
The electromagnetic dissociation rate for 0n0n γ+A→jets events is measured and compared to the result from collisions with single-sided neutron emission.
The comparison supports that 0n0n γ+A→jets events select a more peripheral class of γ+A collisions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The rapidity gap template method could be applied to other final states to study additional photon-induced processes in heavy-ion collisions.
Differential cross-section measurements with higher statistics could test the separation more stringently and constrain models of photon-nucleus interactions.
The results on peripheral selection may inform studies of gluon distributions inside nuclei using photoproduction data.
Similar statistical separation techniques might extend to other ultra-peripheral collision measurements at future facilities.

Load-bearing premise

The minimum rapidity gap distribution templates for photon-pomeron, photon-photon, and peripheral photonuclear processes are sufficiently distinct and accurately modeled so that the template fit reliably extracts the individual contributions without large biases from overlap or incorrect modeling.

What would settle it

An independent extraction of the γ+IP→jets cross-section using a different separation method or observable that significantly disagrees with the template fit result would show the separation is unreliable.

read the original abstract

In ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions at the LHC, each nucleus acts as a source of high-energy quasi-real photons that can participate in scattering processes without causing either participating nucleus to break up and emit forward neutrons. This paper extends recent measurements of $\gamma+A\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$ production in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with forward neutron emission on exactly one side of the event. The data presented here was recorded by the ATLAS collaboration at the LHC in 2018, corresponding to a luminosity of $1.72$ nb$^{-1}$. These results examines $5.02$ TeV Pb+Pb collisions where neither nucleus breaks up ($0n0n$), providing a mixture of photon--pomeron ($\gamma+I\!\!P\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$), photon--photon ($\gamma+\gamma\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$), and peripheral photonuclear ($\gamma+A\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$) events. The different processes are statistically separated via a template fit of the minimum rapidity gap distribution. The kinematics of the hard processes are determined from $R = 0.4$ jets reconstructed using the anti-$k_t$ algorithm. The statistical separation of the different processes then allows for the first measurement of $\gamma+I\!\!P\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$ cross-sections in nuclear collisions at the LHC. The rate for electromagnetic dissociation of $0n0n$ $\gamma+A\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$ events is also measured and compared to the analogous result from collisions with single-sided neutron emission. These comparisons support the hypothesis that $\gamma+A\rightarrow\mathrm{jets}$ events without forward neutron emission select a more peripheral class of $\gamma+A$ collisions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

ATLAS gives the first γ+IP jet cross section in 0n0n UPC PbPb at 5 TeV by template-fitting the minimum rapidity gap, extending their earlier single-sided neutron results.

read the letter

This paper reports the first measurement of photon-pomeron jet production in no-breakup ultra-peripheral PbPb collisions. They take the 2018 ATLAS dataset (1.72 nb^{-1}) and look at 0n0n events, where the mix includes γ+IP→jets, γ+γ→jets, and peripheral γ+A→jets. A template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution separates the contributions, and they extract the γ+IP cross section along with jet kinematics from anti-kt R=0.4 jets. They also measure the electromagnetic dissociation rate in these events and compare it to the single-sided neutron case, which supports that 0n0n selects more peripheral collisions. This is a straightforward extension of their prior single-sided work and supplies a new data point for photon-nucleus models in the clean 0n0n regime. The central method is the template fit. It only works if the three simulated templates are distinct enough and match the data shapes without large biases from overlap or generator choice. The abstract gives no fit quality metrics, uncertainty breakdown, or variation tests, so the full paper must show those checks explicitly or the extracted fractions could shift. For heavy-ion or ultra-peripheral collision physicists this supplies usable numbers and a comparison that was missing. A reader working on photon-induced processes at the LHC would get direct value from the cross sections. It deserves a serious referee because it is a new experimental result from ATLAS with a clear physics goal, even though the template separation is the part that needs the most scrutiny.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports a measurement of jet photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV without nuclear breakup (0n0n) using 1.72 nb^{-1} of ATLAS data. It statistically separates photon-pomeron (γ+IP→jets), photon-photon (γ+γ→jets), and peripheral photonuclear (γ+A→jets) contributions via a template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution, enabling the first extraction of the γ+IP→jets cross-section in nuclear collisions at the LHC. The work also measures the electromagnetic dissociation rate for 0n0n γ+A events and compares it to results with single-sided neutron emission.

Significance. If the template separation is robust, this constitutes the first measurement of photon-pomeron jet production in ultra-peripheral nuclear collisions, extending earlier ATLAS results that required single-sided neutron emission. The comparison of dissociation rates provides supporting evidence that 0n0n events probe a more peripheral class of γ+A collisions. The analysis uses standard anti-k_t R=0.4 jets and LHC data, adding new experimental input on photon-induced processes in heavy-ion environments.

major comments (2)

[template fit procedure] The extraction of the γ+IP→jets cross-section depends entirely on the fractions obtained from the template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution. No quantitative assessment of template overlap, fit quality (e.g., χ² per degree of freedom), or stability under variations in Monte Carlo generators is provided, leaving open the possibility of bias from imperfect separation of the three processes.
[results and cross-section extraction] Systematic uncertainties associated with the template modeling and their propagation into the reported γ+IP cross-sections are not detailed. Because the central claim is the first measurement of this process, explicit validation of the templates (e.g., via alternative gap definitions or data-driven checks) is required to establish that the extracted values are not dominated by modeling assumptions.

minor comments (2)

[abstract] The pomeron notation 'I!!P' appears in the abstract without an accompanying definition or reference to standard usage in the field.
[data sample description] The luminosity of 1.72 nb^{-1} is stated without a citation to the corresponding ATLAS luminosity determination publication or calibration reference.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful review and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address the concerns regarding the template fit procedure and systematic uncertainties below, and we will incorporate additional quantitative details and validations in the revised version to strengthen the presentation of the results.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [template fit procedure] The extraction of the γ+IP→jets cross-section depends entirely on the fractions obtained from the template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution. No quantitative assessment of template overlap, fit quality (e.g., χ² per degree of freedom), or stability under variations in Monte Carlo generators is provided, leaving open the possibility of bias from imperfect separation of the three processes.

Authors: We agree that a more detailed quantitative assessment of the template fit is needed to demonstrate the robustness of the process separation. In the revised manuscript, we will include the χ² per degree of freedom for the nominal fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution, the correlation matrix from the fit to quantify template overlap, and a study showing the stability of the extracted fractions under variations in the Monte Carlo generators used to model the templates. These additions will allow a direct evaluation of potential biases in the γ+IP→jets cross-section extraction. revision: yes
Referee: [results and cross-section extraction] Systematic uncertainties associated with the template modeling and their propagation into the reported γ+IP cross-sections are not detailed. Because the central claim is the first measurement of this process, explicit validation of the templates (e.g., via alternative gap definitions or data-driven checks) is required to establish that the extracted values are not dominated by modeling assumptions.

Authors: We acknowledge that the original manuscript did not provide a full accounting of the template-related systematic uncertainties or their propagation. The revised version will expand the systematic uncertainty section to detail variations in template shapes from different Monte Carlo models and parameter settings, with explicit propagation to the final γ+IP cross-sections. We will also include a validation using an alternative rapidity gap definition. Due to the limited statistics available in the 0n0n sample, fully data-driven checks are not feasible; however, we will discuss the consistency of the fit results with Monte Carlo expectations to address concerns about modeling assumptions. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental measurement via template fit on observed distributions

full rationale

The paper reports a data-driven measurement of cross-sections extracted from 2018 ATLAS Pb+Pb data. The load-bearing step is a template fit to the minimum rapidity gap distribution that statistically separates γ+IP, γ+γ, and peripheral γ+A contributions; the resulting fractions are then used to report process-specific cross-sections. This is not a derivation or first-principles prediction that reduces to its own inputs by construction. Templates are generated from simulation and the fit is performed on measured event properties; no equations, self-citations, or ansätze are invoked that would make the extracted cross-section equivalent to the fit parameters by definition. The analysis is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the validity of statistical template fitting to separate processes and on standard assumptions in jet reconstruction and heavy-ion collision modeling; no new entities are postulated.

free parameters (1)

template fit parameters for rapidity gap distributions
The separation of photon-pomeron, photon-photon, and photonuclear contributions relies on fitting templates to the observed minimum rapidity gap distribution.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Standard assumptions underlying jet reconstruction with the anti-k_t algorithm at R=0.4 and the modeling of electromagnetic dissociation in ultra-peripheral collisions
Invoked when determining kinematics of hard processes and comparing dissociation rates.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5639 in / 1358 out tokens · 68628 ms · 2026-05-07T17:14:28.498839+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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Demokritos

ATLAS Collaboration,ATLAS Computing Acknowledgements, ATL-SOFT-PUB-2026-001, 2026, url:https://cds.cern.ch/record/2952666. 27 The ATLAS Collaboration G. Aad 102, E. Aakvaag 17, B. Abbott 121, S. Abdelhameed 83b, K. Abeling 54, N.J. Abicht 48, S.H. Abidi 30, M. Aboelela 44, A. Aboulhorma 36e, H. Abramowicz 154, B.S. Acharya 68a,68b,m, A.Ackermann 62a, J.Ac...

work page arXiv 2026