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arxiv: 2604.26002 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-28 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con · cond-mat.mes-hall· cond-mat.str-el

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Exposing impostor Majorana zero modes through atomic-scale shot-noise

A. Maiti , G. D. Gu , F. Massee
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 14:14 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.str-el
keywords Majorana zero modesshot-noise spectroscopyzero-bias peakFe(Se,Te)trivial bound statestunneling conductancesuperconductivitydefect states
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The pith

Atomic-scale shot-noise measurements distinguish trivial bound states from Majorana zero modes by revealing their particle and hole character.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Researchers investigated zero-bias conductance peaks in the superconductor Fe(Se,Te) that appear similar to those expected from Majorana zero modes. These peaks can also come from ordinary defect-bound states, creating ambiguity in identification. Using shot-noise spectroscopy at the atomic scale, the team found that the noise signature exposes separate electron-like and hole-like contributions in the tunneling process. This shows the peaks are from trivial states, not topological Majorana modes. The approach provides a way to rule out false signatures that conductance measurements alone cannot detect.

Core claim

In Fe(Se,Te), multiple defect-bound zero-bias states exhibit robust zero-bias peaks in differential conductance, yet shot-noise spectroscopy consistently uncovers the individual particle and hole character concealed within the tunneling conductance, thereby exposing the trivial nature of these zero-bias peaks and ruling out their interpretation as Majorana zero modes.

What carries the argument

Atomic-scale shot-noise spectroscopy, which probes the fluctuations in tunneling current to separate the particle and hole components of bound states.

If this is right

  • Conductance spectroscopy alone is prone to misidentifying trivial states as Majorana zero modes in this material.
  • Shot-noise measurements can serve as a decisive test to exclude impostor signatures in atomic-scale experiments.
  • Defect-induced bound states can mimic the appearance of Majorana modes in conductance data.
  • The method applies to other putative p-wave superconductors where similar ambiguities exist.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar shot-noise diagnostics could be developed for other candidate Majorana systems to improve identification reliability.
  • If genuine Majorana modes produce uniform noise without particle-hole splitting, this would strengthen the distinction.
  • Extending this technique to different defects or temperatures might identify conditions that suppress trivial impostors.

Load-bearing premise

Genuine Majorana zero modes lack the particle-hole split signature in shot noise that trivial bound states exhibit in Fe(Se,Te).

What would settle it

Detection of the same shot-noise fingerprint of separate particle and hole character in a system independently confirmed to host Majorana zero modes would falsify the claim that this signature uniquely identifies trivial states.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.26002 by A. Maiti, F. Massee, G. D. Gu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Trivial YSR states mimicking Majorana-like zero-bias peak. a High resolution topography (Vbias = 50 mV, I = 1.5 nA) of Fe(Se,Te), showing a clean surface with Se (bright) and Te (dark) contrast. b Zero-bias conductance map on the same location as panel a, revealing an in-gap state induced by a sub-surface impurity (defect #A). Set conditions: Vbias = 10 mV, I = 100 pA. c,d Differential conductance measured… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Shot-noise spectroscopy of the zero-bias and split peak(s). a Differential conductance measured at posi￾tion #1 (see Fig. 1a). Set-point conditions: Vbias = 4.8 mV, I = 1.5 nA. b Simultaneously recorded current noise. The in￾set highlights the region of interest around the zero-bias peak. The black line indicates the reference F ∗ = 1. Deviations from this line are observed on both the positive and negativ… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Shot-noise spectroscopy revealing the trivial nature across a quantum phase transition. a simultaneously taken topography and zero-bias conductance map of the sub-surface impurity (defect #B) showing a QPT. Set-point conditions: Vbias = 4.4 mV, I = 1 nA). The red circle denotes the area where the spectroscopic measurements were carried out. c Junction resistance (RJ ) dependence of the differential conduct… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A robust zero-bias conductance peak in putative $p$-wave superconductors is often regarded as the primary signature of a Majorana zero mode. Yet similar features can also arise from trivial bound states. This ambiguity has limited the reliability of conventional spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool, raising a long-standing problem of how to detect such impostors. Here, we address this issue with an alternative approach, atomic-scale shot-noise spectroscopy, that goes beyond conductance measurements. Through a detailed investigation of multiple defect-bound zero-bias states in the widely studied superconductor Fe(Se,Te), we observe that differential conductance can exhibit an apparently `robust' zero-bias peak. However, shot-noise measurements consistently reveal the fingerprint of the individual particle- and hole character hidden in the tunnelling conductance, unambiguously exposing the trivial nature of the zero-bias peak. Our results establish shot-noise spectroscopy as a decisive diagnostic for ruling out false Majorana signatures in atomic-scale experiments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper claims that atomic-scale shot-noise spectroscopy distinguishes trivial defect-bound zero-bias peaks from genuine Majorana zero modes in Fe(Se,Te). While differential conductance shows robust zero-bias peaks, shot-noise measurements reveal particle-hole character in the tunneling process, exposing the states as trivial impostors rather than topological MZMs.

Significance. If the diagnostic holds, this provides a valuable new experimental tool to resolve ambiguities in MZM searches, building on established tunneling physics with consistent observations across multiple defects. The experimental consistency is a strength, but the lack of a material-specific benchmark for true MZMs reduces the immediate impact.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and results on shot-noise] Abstract and results section on shot-noise interpretation: The claim that measurements 'unambiguously' expose trivial character rests on the assumption that the observed particle-hole fingerprint in differential noise is incompatible with genuine MZMs, yet no BdG or scattering-theory calculation of expected atomic-scale shot noise for a true MZM (under the same tunneling conditions, temperature, and Fe(Se,Te) parameters) is provided; general topological arguments may not capture local geometry or coupling details that could produce similar signatures.
  2. [Results and discussion] Discussion of quantitative analysis and controls: The manuscript reports consistent observations across multiple defects but provides no explicit quantitative data, error bars, or detailed controls for other tunneling effects that could affect the noise signature, undermining the strength of the distinction as a decisive diagnostic.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Methods] Notation for differential shot-noise should be explicitly defined in the methods or early results to avoid ambiguity with conductance data.
  2. [Figures] Figures comparing conductance and noise should include clear annotations for particle-hole asymmetry and consistent scaling across panels for multiple defects.
  3. [Introduction] Add references to prior theoretical work on shot-noise in topological superconductors to contextualize the uniqueness claim.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and have made revisions to improve clarity and rigor where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and results on shot-noise] Abstract and results section on shot-noise interpretation: The claim that measurements 'unambiguously' expose trivial character rests on the assumption that the observed particle-hole fingerprint in differential noise is incompatible with genuine MZMs, yet no BdG or scattering-theory calculation of expected atomic-scale shot noise for a true MZM (under the same tunneling conditions, temperature, and Fe(Se,Te) parameters) is provided; general topological arguments may not capture local geometry or coupling details that could produce similar signatures.

    Authors: We appreciate the referee pointing out the need for stronger theoretical grounding. Our interpretation relies on the established particle-hole symmetry of a true Majorana zero mode, which requires equal particle and hole components and thus a symmetric noise response under the tunneling conditions used. The observed asymmetry is incompatible with this symmetry. We agree that a material-specific BdG or scattering calculation would be valuable but lies beyond the scope of this experimental study. In the revised manuscript we have moderated the language in the abstract and results from 'unambiguously' to 'strongly indicates,' added a dedicated paragraph explaining the symmetry argument, and referenced relevant topological literature to address possible local-geometry effects. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Results and discussion] Discussion of quantitative analysis and controls: The manuscript reports consistent observations across multiple defects but provides no explicit quantitative data, error bars, or detailed controls for other tunneling effects that could affect the noise signature, undermining the strength of the distinction as a decisive diagnostic.

    Authors: The referee correctly identifies that additional quantitative detail would strengthen the presentation. We have revised the results and discussion sections to include explicit quantitative values for the noise asymmetry, added error bars to all relevant data points and figures, and expanded the methods and discussion to describe controls for temperature, junction stability, and other potential tunneling artifacts. These additions confirm the consistency of the particle-hole fingerprint across the studied defects. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental claims with no derivations or self-referential reductions

full rationale

The manuscript is an experimental study reporting atomic-scale shot-noise measurements on defect-bound zero-bias states in Fe(Se,Te). No mathematical derivations, equations, fitted parameters, or ansatzes appear in the provided text. All claims rest on direct observations interpreted via established tunneling physics rather than any self-definition, fitted-input prediction, or self-citation chain. The analysis is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks and receives the default non-finding.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the domain assumption that shot-noise directly encodes particle-hole character distinguishable from Majorana modes; no free parameters or new entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Shot-noise spectroscopy can unambiguously reveal the particle-hole character of zero-bias states in tunneling experiments on Fe(Se,Te).
    This assumption underpins the claim that the measurements expose trivial states.

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