pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2605.05898 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-07 · 💰 econ.GN · q-fin.EC

Recognition: unknown

Migration-Driven Demographic Changes: effects on local communities in the canton of Fribourg

Emma Bacci

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 03:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💰 econ.GN q-fin.EC
keywords migrationdemographic changeFribourgSwitzerlanddifference-in-differenceshousingeducationpopulation aging
0
0 comments X

The pith

Migration exposure generates modest but persistent adjustments in demographics, education, and housing across Fribourg municipalities.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper studies how migration reshapes local outcomes in the 112 municipalities of Switzerland's Fribourg canton between 2010 and 2021. It applies an intertemporal difference-in-differences method that handles staggered timing and cumulative treatment to measure the effect of a one-percentage-point rise in cumulative migration balance. The estimates show both internal and international migration reduce the elderly resident share, international inflows raise birth counts, internal migration increases resident students and shifts school cohorts, and international migration slightly lowers tertiary education shares. Housing changes appear gradually in household sizes and dwelling types. These incremental effects matter for local governments planning services, as they indicate migration can counter population aging without dramatic yearly disruptions.

Core claim

Migration exposure, measured as a one-percentage-point increase in cumulative migration balance, produces modest but persistent adjustments across demographic, educational, and housing dimensions. Both migration types reduce the share of elderly residents, international inflows raise birth counts, internal migration increases resident students and alters compulsory and secondary-school cohorts, and international migration slightly reduces the tertiary-education share. Housing adjustments concentrate in household composition and selected dwelling types, with international migration increasing mid-sized households and internal migration reducing mixed-use dwellings. Yearly effects remain small

What carries the argument

The intertemporal difference-in-differences estimator of De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2024) that identifies the effect of a one-percentage-point increase in cumulative migration balance while accommodating staggered adoption and non-binary cumulative treatment.

If this is right

  • Local service planning must incorporate gradual reductions in elderly shares and corresponding shifts in education cohort sizes.
  • Housing policies should anticipate slow changes in household composition and dwelling-type usage rather than sudden demand spikes.
  • Migration acts as a counterweight to population aging, leading to incremental rather than abrupt adjustments in public service demand.
  • Persistent small annual effects accumulate into meaningful long-run changes in demographic structure and education needs.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The patterns observed in Fribourg may extend to other Swiss cantons experiencing similar migration-driven growth, informing broader regional planning.
  • Policymakers could use the estimated magnitudes to model long-term budget impacts on schools and housing infrastructure under continued migration inflows.
  • Extending the same estimator to additional outcomes such as employment or health service usage would test whether migration effects remain modest across more domains.

Load-bearing premise

The intertemporal difference-in-differences estimator correctly identifies causal effects of migration balance increases without bias from unobserved time-varying confounders or mishandling of staggered timing and cumulative treatment.

What would settle it

Re-running the analysis with an alternative method such as standard two-way fixed effects and finding no reduction in elderly shares or no rise in birth counts for international migration would challenge the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.05898 by Emma Bacci.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Status for Fribourg municipalities in 2009 view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Cumulative internal migration exposure (1 p.p. bins) by municipality (rows) and year (columns), view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Cumulative international migration exposure (1 p.p. bins) by municipality (rows) and year view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Event studies: effects over time of international migration. Lines plot estimated dynamic treatment view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Event studies: effects over time of internal migration. Lines plot estimated dynamic treatment view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Event studies: effects over time of international migration. Lines plot estimated dynamic treatment view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Event studies: effects over time of internal migration. Lines plot estimated dynamic treatment view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Migration is reshaping demographic landscapes across Europe, raising urgent questions about adapting to rapid population changes. This study examines the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, which experienced a 30% population increase over the past 15 years, driven by international and internal migration. As local governments face mounting pressures from demographic shifts in housing, education, and social services, understanding the causal effects of migration is essential for evidence-based policymaking. We study how migration reshapes local demographic, educational, and housing outcomes across 112 Fribourg municipalities (2010-2021). Using the intertemporal difference-in-differences estimator of De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2024), which accommodates staggered timing and cumulative, non-binary treatment, we identify the effect of a one-percentage-point increase in cumulative migration balance (relative to baseline population). Migration exposure generates modest but persistent adjustments across demographic, educational, and housing dimensions. Both migration types reduce the share of elderly residents, and international inflows are associated with higher birth counts. Internal migration increases resident students and alters compulsory and secondary-school cohorts, while international migration slightly reduces the tertiary-education share. Housing adjustments are gradual and concentrated in household composition and selected dwelling types, with international migration increasing mid-sized households and internal migration reducing mixed-use dwellings. Though yearly effects are small, their persistence yields meaningful cumulative changes. Overall, migration acts as a counterweight to population aging and generates incremental adjustments in service demand, underscoring the need to incorporate migration exposure into cantonal and municipal planning.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper studies the causal effects of migration on demographic, educational, and housing outcomes across 112 municipalities in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland (2010-2021). It applies the intertemporal difference-in-differences estimator of De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2024) to identify the impact of a one-percentage-point increase in cumulative migration balance (both internal and international), finding modest but persistent adjustments: reduced elderly population shares for both migration types, increased births from international inflows, shifts in student and school-cohort sizes from internal migration, a slight decline in tertiary-education share from international migration, and gradual housing changes concentrated in household size and selected dwelling types.

Significance. If the results hold, the study offers useful local evidence on how migration influences community-level outcomes in a rapidly growing Swiss canton, underscoring migration's role as a counter to population aging and its incremental effects on service demand. The application of the recent estimator designed for staggered timing and cumulative non-binary treatment is a methodological strength that enhances credibility relative to standard binary DiD approaches.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that effects are 'modest but persistent' and 'meaningful cumulative changes' but provides no numerical effect sizes, standard errors, or confidence intervals; adding these would allow readers to assess practical significance directly.
  2. [Methods / Data] The manuscript should expand on data sources, variable construction for the cumulative migration balance, and any robustness checks or parallel-trends diagnostics supporting the estimator's application, as these details are essential for evaluating the identification strategy.
  3. [Results] Tables or figures reporting the main results should include standard errors and sample sizes for each outcome to improve transparency and replicability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the manuscript and for recommending minor revision. The referee's summary accurately reflects the paper's scope, use of the De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2024) estimator, and the main empirical findings on migration's modest but persistent effects on local demographics, education, and housing in Fribourg.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper applies the external intertemporal difference-in-differences estimator of De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2024) to panel data on 112 municipalities to estimate effects of cumulative migration balance on demographic, educational, and housing outcomes. No self-definitional steps, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, self-citations as load-bearing premises, uniqueness theorems imported from the same authors, or ansatzes smuggled via citation appear in the identification strategy or results. The derivation chain consists of standard econometric application to observed data, remaining self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the validity of the econometric identification strategy and the representativeness of the Fribourg data for migration effects.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2024) estimator identifies causal effects under staggered treatment timing and cumulative non-binary exposure.
    Invoked in the abstract to justify identification of migration effects.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5575 in / 1314 out tokens · 110414 ms · 2026-05-08T03:49:31.640004+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

195 extracted references · 154 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    and Schott, Peter K

    Pierce, Justin R. and Schott, Peter K. , urldate =. The Surprisingly Swift Decline of. doi:10.1257/aer.20131578 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1257/aer.20131578

  2. [2]

    Chaisemartin, Clément de and Ciccia, Diego and D'Haultfoeuille, Xavier and Knau, Felix and Malézieux, Mélitine and Sow, Doulo , urldate =

  3. [3]

    Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertemporal Treatment Effects , issn =

    de Chaisemartin, Clément and D'Haultfœuille, Xavier , urldate =. Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertemporal Treatment Effects , issn =. doi:10.1162/rest_a_01414 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1162/rest_a_01414

  4. [4]

    The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the

    Dustmann, Christian and Frattini, Tommaso , urldate =. The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12181 , pages =

    work page doi:10.1111/ecoj.12181

  5. [5]

    Event-Study Estimators and Variance Estimators Computed by the did\_multiplegt\_dyn Command , url =

    de Chaisemartin, Clément and Ciccia, Diego and D'Haultfœuille, Xavier and Knau, Felix and Malézieux, Mélitine and Sow, Doulo , urldate =. Event-Study Estimators and Variance Estimators Computed by the did\_multiplegt\_dyn Command , url =

  6. [6]

    doi:10.1787/421bf4aa-en , note =

    Migration, housing and regional disparities: A gravity model of inter-regional migration with an application to selected. doi:10.1787/421bf4aa-en , note =

    work page doi:10.1787/421bf4aa-en

  7. [7]

    Local Fiscal Effects of Immigration in Germany , url =

    Maxand, Simone and Sallam, Hend , urldate =. Local Fiscal Effects of Immigration in Germany , url =. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4875539 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.4875539

  8. [8]

    Decomposing the net fiscal position of migrants in Europe

    Boffi, Giacomo and Suari-Andreu, Eduard and van Vliet, Olaf , date =. Decomposing the net fiscal position of migrants in Europe. , abstract =

  9. [9]

    Decomposing the Net Fiscal Position of Migrants in Europe , abstract =

    Boffi, Giacomo and Suari-Andreu, Eduard and van Vliet, Olaf , date =. Decomposing the Net Fiscal Position of Migrants in Europe , abstract =

  10. [10]

    Immigration vs

    Martinangeli, Andrea. Immigration vs. Poverty: Causal Impact on Demand for Redistribution in a Survey Experiment , url =. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3434292 , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.3434292

  11. [11]

    The fiscal consequences of immigration: a study of local governments’ expenditures , volume =

    Viren, Matti , urldate =. The fiscal consequences of immigration: a study of local governments’ expenditures , volume =. doi:10.1007/s10037-022-00168-z , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10037-022-00168-z

  12. [12]

    Health spending in Italy: The impact of immigrants , volume =

    Bettin, Giulia and Sacchi, Agnese , urldate =. Health spending in Italy: The impact of immigrants , volume =. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101932 , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101932 2020

  13. [13]

    Sustaining Fiscal Policy through Immigration , volume =

    Storesletten, Kjetil , urldate =. Sustaining Fiscal Policy through Immigration , volume =. doi:10.1086/262120 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1086/262120

  14. [14]

    Dolores and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, Iñigo and Valera, Guadalupe , urldate =

    Collado, M. Dolores and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, Iñigo and Valera, Guadalupe , urldate =. Quantifying the Impact of Immigration on the Spanish Welfare State , volume =. doi:10.1023/B:ITAX.0000021975.20256.ff , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1023/b:itax.0000021975.20256.ff

  15. [15]

    Tax burden and migration: a political economy theory and evidence , journal =

    Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka and Phillip Swagel , keywords =. Tax burden and migration: a political economy theory and evidence , journal =. 2002 , issn =. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00091-3 , url =

    work page doi:10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00091-3 2002

  16. [16]

    Effect of Immigration on Public Finances

  17. [17]

    The Effect of Immigration on Public Finances , volume =

    Preston, Ian , urldate =. The Effect of Immigration on Public Finances , volume =. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12180 , pages =

    work page doi:10.1111/ecoj.12180

  18. [18]

    Does immigration affect public education expenditures? Quasi-experimental evidence , volume =

    Speciale, Biagio , urldate =. Does immigration affect public education expenditures? Quasi-experimental evidence , volume =. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.04.004 , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.04.004 2012

  19. [19]

    and Avenue, S

    Rowthorn, R. and Avenue, S. , urldate =. A Simulation Model of the Fiscal Effects of Immigration, Fertility and Employment , url =

  20. [20]

    Migration Effects on Municipalities’ Expenditures , volume =

    Mäkelä, Erik and Viren, Matti , urldate =. Migration Effects on Municipalities’ Expenditures , volume =. doi:10.1515/roe-2017-0025 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1515/roe-2017-0025 2017

  21. [21]

    Immigration and local spending in social services: evidence from a massive immigration wave , volume =

    Jofre-Monseny, Jordi and Sorribas-Navarro, Pilar and Vázquez-Grenno, Javier , urldate =. Immigration and local spending in social services: evidence from a massive immigration wave , volume =. doi:10.1007/s10797-016-9399-y , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10797-016-9399-y

  22. [22]

    , urldate =

    Rowthorn, R. , urldate =. The fiscal impact of immigration on the advanced economies , volume =. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn025 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn025

  23. [23]

    An introduction to the economics of immigration in

    Edo, Anthony and Ragot, Lionel and Rapoport, Hillel and Sardoschau, Sulin and Steinmayr, Andreas and Sweetman, Arthur , urldate =. An introduction to the economics of immigration in. doi:10.1111/caje.12482 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1111/caje.12482

  24. [24]

    The Fiscal Impact of Immigrants: Taxes and Benefits , url =

    Vargas-Silva, Carlos , urldate =. The Fiscal Impact of Immigrants: Taxes and Benefits , url =

  25. [25]

    Immigration and the pattern of public spending: evidence from

    Kim, Dowon and Lee, Dongwon , urldate =. Immigration and the pattern of public spending: evidence from. doi:10.1007/s10797-020-09638-x , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10797-020-09638-x

  26. [26]

    Immigration and Attitudes Towards Day Care , volume =

    Hendel, Ulrich and Qari, Salmai , urldate =. Immigration and Attitudes Towards Day Care , volume =. doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0539-9 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0539-9

  27. [27]

    Are Migrants Overrepresented Among Individual Welfare Beneficiaries? , volume =

    Jakubiak, Igor , urldate =. Are Migrants Overrepresented Among Individual Welfare Beneficiaries? , volume =. doi:10.1111/imig.12692 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1111/imig.12692

  28. [28]

    Suari-Andreu, Eduard and van Vliet, Olaf , urldate =. Intra-. doi:10.1111/ecca.12484 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1111/ecca.12484

  29. [29]

    doi:10.1787/29f23e9d-en , file =

    International Migration Outlook 2021 , isbn =. doi:10.1787/29f23e9d-en , file =

    work page doi:10.1787/29f23e9d-en 2021

  30. [30]

    Barbanchon, Thomas Le and Hensvik, Lena and Rathelot, Roland , langid =. How can

  31. [31]

    Ramel, Nathalie and Sheldon, George , langid =

  32. [32]

    2019 , publisher=

    Impact of immigration on public finances in Switzerland , author=. 2019 , publisher=

    2019

  33. [33]

    The fiscal impact of immigration , author =

  34. [34]

    2010 , url=

    Foreigners' Internal Mobility in Switzerland: Interrelation with International Immigration and Contextual Factors , author=. 2010 , url=

    2010

  35. [35]

    Inégalités spatiales de mortalité en Suisse

    Wanner, Philippe , urldate =. Inégalités spatiales de mortalité en Suisse. Le rôle de la migration internationale sur l’espérance de vie de la population des métropoles , rights =. doi:10.4000/eps.7555 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.4000/eps.7555

  36. [37]

    How well do municipalities cope with immigration ? – Evidence from a country with a high rate of immigrants , url =

    Ladner, Andreas , date =. How well do municipalities cope with immigration ? – Evidence from a country with a high rate of immigrants , url =

  37. [39]

    Immigration, Real Estate Prices and the Consumption Decisions of Native Households , issn =

    Adams, Zeno and Blickle, Kristian , urldate =. Immigration, Real Estate Prices and the Consumption Decisions of Native Households , issn =. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2786694 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.2786694

  38. [41]

    , urldate =

    Wanner, P. , urldate =. Migration et intégration : populations étrangères en Suisse , url =

  39. [43]

    Migration policies and the labour market , url =

    Bigotta, Maurizio , urldate =. Migration policies and the labour market , url =. doi:10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:114822 , doi =

    work page doi:10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:114822

  40. [44]

    , urldate =

    Da Cunha, A. , urldate =. Métropolisation, migrations internationales et pluralité des espaces sociaux : les agglomérations suisses face au défi de l'intégration , volume =. doi:10.5194/gh-60-170-2005 , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.5194/gh-60-170-2005 2005

  41. [45]

    Spatial selectivity and demographic impact of recent German immigrants in the Swiss regions , url =

    Steiner, Ilka , urldate =. Spatial selectivity and demographic impact of recent German immigrants in the Swiss regions , url =

  42. [47]

    Liebig, Thomas and Sousa-Poza, Alfonso , urldate =

  43. [48]

    and Murier, T

    Zarin-Nejadan, M. and Murier, T. , urldate =. Internal migration and immigrant networks : Some empirical evidence for Switzerland , url =

  44. [50]

    From urban wastelands to new-build gentrification: The case of Swiss cities , volume =

    Rérat, Patrick and Söderström, Ola and Piguet, Etienne and Besson, Roger , urldate =. From urban wastelands to new-build gentrification: The case of Swiss cities , volume =. doi:10.1002/psp.595 , shorttitle =

    work page doi:10.1002/psp.595

  45. [51]

    Deconcentration, Counter-Urbanization, or Trend Reversal? The Population Distribution of Switzerland, Revisited , volume =

    Jasim, Sina , urldate =. Deconcentration, Counter-Urbanization, or Trend Reversal? The Population Distribution of Switzerland, Revisited , volume =

  46. [52]

    La distribution spatiale de la population étrangère en Suisse = Die räumliche Verteilung der ausländischen Bevölkerung in der Schweiz , url =

    Zufferey, Jonathan and Wanner, Philippe , urldate =. La distribution spatiale de la population étrangère en Suisse = Die räumliche Verteilung der ausländischen Bevölkerung in der Schweiz , url =

  47. [55]

    Lerch and P

    M. Lerch and P. Wanner , title =. Géo-Regards , year =. doi:10.33055/georegards.2010.003.01.73 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.33055/georegards.2010.003.01.73 2010

  48. [56]

    Urban Studies , year =

    Patrick Rérat , title =. Urban Studies , year =. doi:10.1177/0042098011408935 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1177/0042098011408935

  49. [57]

    Fibbi and P

    R. Fibbi and P. Wanner , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.18356/E958C178-EN , abstract =

    work page doi:10.18356/e958c178-en

  50. [58]

    Bolzman and Jean-Marie Le Goff , title =

    Eduardo Guichard and Milena Chimienti and C. Bolzman and Jean-Marie Le Goff , title =. Journal of International Migration and Integration , year =. doi:10.1007/s12134-024-01129-w , volume =

    work page doi:10.1007/s12134-024-01129-w

  51. [59]

    Gagnon and P

    Julie Lacroix and A. Gagnon and P. Wanner , title =. Demographic Research , year =. doi:10.4054/demres.2020.43.41 , volume =

    work page doi:10.4054/demres.2020.43.41 2020

  52. [60]

    Ghio and A

    D. Ghio and A. Goujon and F. Natale , title =. Demographic Research , year =. doi:10.4054/demres.2022.46.9 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.4054/demres.2022.46.9 2022

  53. [61]

    Parr , title =

    N. Parr , title =. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research , year =. doi:10.1553/p-8jf5-7cdc , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1553/p-8jf5-7cdc

  54. [62]

    Demographic Research , year =

    Christos Bagavos , title =. Demographic Research , year =. doi:10.4054/demres.2022.46.7 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.4054/demres.2022.46.7 2022

  55. [63]

    Unknown Journal , year =

    Ilya Kashnitsky , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.33612/DISS.134195227 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.33612/diss.134195227

  56. [64]

    Hilgenstock and Z

    B. Hilgenstock and Z. Kóczán , title =. ERN: Immigration (Topic) , year =. doi:10.5089/9781484363058.001 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.5089/9781484363058.001

  57. [65]

    Potančoková and M

    M. Potančoková and M. Stonawski and N. Gailey , title =. Demographic Research , year =. doi:10.4054/demres.2021.45.44 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.4054/demres.2021.45.44 2021

  58. [66]

    Sobotka , title =

    T. Sobotka , title =. Demographic Research , year =. doi:10.4054/DEMRES.2008.19.9 , volume =

    work page doi:10.4054/demres.2008.19.9 2008

  59. [67]

    Afonso , title =

    A. Afonso , title =. Mediterranean Quarterly , year =. doi:10.1215/10474552-15-4-147 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1215/10474552-15-4-147

  60. [68]

    Bélanger and W

    Guillaume Marois and A. Bélanger and W. Lutz , title =. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , year =. doi:10.1073/pnas.1918988117 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1073/pnas.1918988117

  61. [69]

    CESifo Working Paper Series , year =

    Panu Poutvaara , title =. CESifo Working Paper Series , year =. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3862239 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.3862239

  62. [70]

    Liebig and Sebastian Kohls and Karolin Krause , title =

    T. Liebig and Sebastian Kohls and Karolin Krause , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.1787/5K9FJJS1M2D2-EN , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1787/5k9fjjs1m2d2-en

  63. [71]

    Wanner and Jonathan Zufferey and Juliette Fioretta , title =

    P. Wanner and Jonathan Zufferey and Juliette Fioretta , title =. Migration Letters , year =. doi:10.33182/ML.V13I3.293 , volume =

    work page doi:10.33182/ml.v13i3.293

  64. [72]

    Bernardi and F

    Eder Rojas and L. Bernardi and F. Schmid , title =. Demographic Research , year =. doi:10.4054/DEMRES.2018.38.11 , volume =

    work page doi:10.4054/demres.2018.38.11 2018

  65. [73]

    Maskileyson and Moshe Semyonov and E

    D. Maskileyson and Moshe Semyonov and E. Davidov , title =. Population, Space and Place , year =. doi:10.1002/psp.2426 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1002/psp.2426

  66. [74]

    D’Amato and P

    G. D’Amato and P. Wanner and Ilka Steiner , title =. IMISCOE Research Series , year =

  67. [75]

    Meghnagi , title =

    Gilles Spielvogel and M. Meghnagi , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.1787/A301BEF8-EN , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1787/a301bef8-en

  68. [76]

    Unknown Journal , year =

    Didier Ruedin , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.2139/SSRN.1990230 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.1990230

  69. [77]

    Econometric Modeling: Macroeconomics eJournal , year =

    Eric Schuss , title =. Econometric Modeling: Macroeconomics eJournal , year =. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2900403 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.2900403

  70. [78]

    Lutz and G

    W. Lutz and G. Amran and A. Bélanger and A. Conte and N. Gailey and D. Ghio and E. Grapsa and K. Jensen and E. Loichinger and Guillaume Marois and Raya Muttarak and M. Potančoková and Patrick Sabourin and M. Stonawski , title =. Unknown Journal , year =

  71. [79]

    Coleman , title =

    D. Coleman , title =. Oxford Review of Economic Policy , year =. doi:10.1093/OXREP/GRN027 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn027

  72. [80]

    Meghnagi , title =

    Gilles Spielvogel and M. Meghnagi , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.1787/6953A8BA-EN , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1787/6953a8ba-en

  73. [81]

    Hanson and Craig Mcintosh , title =

    Gordon H. Hanson and Craig Mcintosh , title =. Labor: Public Policy & Regulation eJournal , year =. doi:10.1257/JEP.30.4.57 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1257/jep.30.4.57

  74. [82]

    Bolzman and R

    C. Bolzman and R. Poncioni-Derigo and M. Vial and R. Fibbi , title =. Ageing and Society , year =. doi:10.1017/S0144686X03001557 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1017/s0144686x03001557

  75. [83]

    Potančoková and Miguel González‐Leonardo , title =

    Guillaume Marois and M. Potančoková and Miguel González‐Leonardo , title =. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications , year =. doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02482-4 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02482-4

  76. [84]

    Swiss Journal of Sociology , year =

    Ilka Steiner , title =. Swiss Journal of Sociology , year =. doi:10.1515/sjs-2016-0018 , volume =

    work page doi:10.1515/sjs-2016-0018 2016

  77. [85]

    Debarbieux , title =

    Martin Camenisch and B. Debarbieux , title =. Revue De Geographie Alpine-journal of Alpine Research , year =. doi:10.4000/RGA.1368 , volume =

    work page doi:10.4000/rga.1368

  78. [86]

    Sousa-Poza , title =

    Thomas Liebig and A. Sousa-Poza , title =. Unknown Journal , year =. doi:10.1787/523567425558 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1787/523567425558

  79. [87]

    McGregor and N

    Katerina Lisenkova and P. McGregor and N. Pappas and J. Swales and K. Turner and R. Wright , title =. Labor: Demographics & Economics of the Family eJournal , year =. doi:10.2139/ssrn.969650 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.2139/ssrn.969650

  80. [88]

    Zaiceva and K

    A. Zaiceva and K. Zimmermann , title =. European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions eJournal , year =

Showing first 80 references.