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arxiv: 2605.11321 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-11 · ✦ hep-ex · hep-ph

Recognition: 2 theorem links

· Lean Theorem

MeVPrtl: An Event Generator for Dark Sector Particles in the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program

ICARUS Collaboration , SBND Collaboration (for the SBN Program)
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-13 01:44 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex hep-ph
keywords event generatordark sectorbeyond standard modelshort-baseline neutrinoHiggs portalheavy neutral leptonQCD axionFermilab beams
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0 comments X

The pith

MeVPrtl supplies a modular event generator that connects dark sector models to the SBN neutrino detectors at Fermilab.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces MeVPrtl as a tool built for the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program to generate events from beyond-Standard-Model particles that could be produced in the Booster Neutrino Beam and NuMI beams. It supplies a standardized interface that takes meson flux inputs and produces outputs ready for the LArSoft detector simulation used by ICARUS and SBND. This matters because models such as the Higgs portal, heavy neutral leptons, and heavy QCD axions predict new particles that could travel to the detectors and decay into visible particles, offering potential explanations for dark matter, neutrino masses, and the strong CP problem. The paper specifies how three such models are implemented inside MeVPrtl and how their kinematics are validated against the program's existing simulation chain.

Core claim

MeVPrtl provides an interface to implement the overlapping phenomenology of BSM models in which new particles are produced in the BNB and NuMI beams, travel to the SBN detectors, and decay into Standard Model particles. The interface links meson flux inputs directly to object outputs used by the LArSoft-based detector simulation. Concrete implementations exist for the Higgs portal, heavy neutral lepton, and heavy QCD axion models, each accompanied by validation checks that confirm the generated events reproduce the expected production and decay kinematics.

What carries the argument

The modular interface that accepts meson flux inputs from the beams and delivers compatible object outputs for LArSoft simulation, enabling specific BSM models to be slotted in without rewriting the detector chain.

If this is right

  • SBN analyses can now simulate signals from these three BSM models inside the same detector simulation framework already used for neutrino interactions.
  • New models sharing the same production or decay topology can be added by extending the interface without altering the downstream LArSoft chain.
  • Consistent event samples become available for direct comparison of expected rates across the Higgs portal, heavy neutral lepton, and heavy QCD axion scenarios.
  • Validation results establish that the generator reproduces the kinematics needed for detector response studies in ICARUS and SBND.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same interface structure could be reused by other neutrino experiments that employ similar beam and liquid-argon detector setups.
  • Future additions of models with more complex decay chains would test how well the current output format handles additional final-state particles.
  • If data from SBN show excesses, the generator supplies a ready-made way to translate those excesses into limits on the shared parameter space of the three models.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen modular interface accurately captures the relevant production and decay kinematics for the implemented models without significant omissions or model-specific corrections beyond what is described.

What would settle it

A direct comparison in which independent analytic calculations of particle production rates or decay angles in the BNB or NuMI beams produce distributions that differ from those output by MeVPrtl for the same input fluxes.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.11321 by ICARUS Collaboration, SBND Collaboration (for the SBN Program).

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Diagram of how the MeVPrtl generator fits into SBN Program Monte Carlo production. Stage MesonGen: Get meson MeVPrtlFlux: Decay meson into “portal” particle RayTrace: Transport particle to detector MeVPrtlDecay: Decay back to SM Example Implementations NuMIKaonGen BNBKaonGen NuMIEtaGen Kaon2Scalar Tau2HNL WeightedRayTrace MakeScalarDecay MakeHNLDecay [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Schematic representation of the MeVPrtl framework. Each of the four main stages of the generator are shown in consecutive order at left in black. Specific example implementations that could be run for each stage are shown in colored blocks to the right of the corresponding stage. There is exactly one implementation for the RayTrace stage, WeightedRayTrace, as that physics is common to any dark sector parti… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Example solutions to the lab frame momentum (eq. (5)) and the ray-tracing weight (eq. (6)). The solutions are specified by the parent velocity in the lab frame (𝛽) and the child mass (𝑚) and momentum in the parent rest frame (𝑝 ′ ). Example numerical solutions for the weight and the lab frame momentum are shown in fig. 3. When the speed of the parent particle in the lab frame is greater than the speed of t… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Comparison of the probability of intersection computation from numerically integrating eq. (4) (labeled as integrated) and the two Monte-Carlo-based methods: (left) WeightedRayTraceBox (labeled as weighted) and (right) MixedWeightRayTraceBox (labeled as mixed). The comparison is done for the HPS model. 3.4. IMeVPrtlDecay: Portal Particle Decay The IMeVPrtlDecay class also takes the portal particle flux as … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Demonstrated agreement between the MeVPrtl generator and the validation approach for three different HPS model benchmarks. The spectra generated by MeVPrtl show consistency with those generated with the validation approach for all three model benchmarks, with p-values for 𝜒 2 given 𝑛 equal to 0.69, 0.12, 0.12 for the 𝑚𝑆 = 100 MeV with 𝜃𝑆 = 2 × 10−4 , 𝑚𝑆 = 240 MeV with 𝜃𝑆 = 10−5, and 𝑚𝑆 = 340 MeV with 𝜃𝑆 = … view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Left: HPS (𝑆) production from kaons. Right: HPS decay to two leptons, in this case muons. The filled dots represent mixing between 𝑆 and the Higgs boson (ℎ). 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 mS (GeV) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Br(S X) e + e + 0 0 + [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: HPS branching ratios. Scalars may also be produced via B meson decays and proton bremsstrahlung processes [3]. Very few B mesons are produced at the proton energies used by BNB and NuMI. Furthermore, [31] finds that proton bremsstrahlung processes in which the incident proton radiates an HPS do not improve the SBN Program’s sensitivity beyond kaon￾decay production channels. Both of these production modes a… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Feynman diagrams for HNL (𝑁) production from kaon decay and the following HNL decay modes: 𝑁 → 𝜈𝛼 𝑙 + 𝛽 𝑙 − 𝛽 , 𝑁 → 𝜈𝜋0 , and 𝑁 → 𝓁𝛼𝜋. Solid dots represent mixing between HNLs and a SM neutrino 𝜈 (or 𝜈𝛼 , when the neutrino flavor matters), crossed dots represent a weak vertex in the chiral effective theory, and a gapped four-fermion meeting is a (elementary) four-fermion operator. oriented along the direct… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Branching ratios of HNL decays to different final states for electron only (top-left), muon only (top-right), tau only (bottom-left), and mixed (bottom-right) couplings as computed by MeVPrtl. The differential width is used to simulate angular distributions. Here, the nonzero 𝐶𝑗𝛼𝛽 coefficients are given in table 2 in the case of the HNL only interacting with the SM by mixing with the light neutrinos. The d… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Feynman diagrams for ALP production via kaon decay (left) and mixing with pseudoscalars 𝜋 0 , 𝜂, or 𝜂 ′ (right). The crossed dot is a weak vertex in the chiral effective theory. The solid dot on the left is a shorthand representation of the axion mixing with the pseudoscalars, i.e. the process shown in detail on the right. The mixing is mediated by quarks (solid lines) and gluons (looped lines). branching… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Feynman diagrams for the following ALP decays: 𝑎 → 𝛾𝛾, 𝑎 → 3𝜋, 𝑎 → 2𝜋𝛾, and 𝑎 → 𝓁𝓁. The solid dots represent ALP/meson or 𝜌/𝛾 mixing. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma (GeV) 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 Br(a X), c1 = c 2 = c 3 = 1, c = 1 / 1 0 0 + 0 3 0 + [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: ALP branching fractions for 𝑐𝓁 = 𝑐𝜇 = 0.01 and 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = 𝑐3 = 1. A plot of the corresponding axion decay widths has been verified to be consistent with that shown in [27], but omitted the comparison from this note for brevity. of the axion is set to that of the parent meson and the axion momentum is scaled so that it is on-shell while keeping the direction fixed. If the axion mass is greater than the meso… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

MeVPrtl is a modular event generator of beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics particles developed for use in the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. A large class of BSM physics models predict that new particles could be produced in the intense Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beams at Fermilab, travel to the SBN Program detectors, and decay into Standard Model (SM) particles. These new physics models are motivated by dark matter, the neutrino mass scale, and a solution to the strong CP problem. MeVPrtl provides an interface to implement the overlapping phenomenology of these models, and to connect them with meson flux inputs and object outputs used by the SBN Program's LArSoft-based detector simulation. Implementations for the Higgs portal, heavy neutral lepton, and heavy QCD axion models exist within MeVPrtl. In this paper these implementations and their validation, as well as details of the MeVPrtl interface, are specified.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes MeVPrtl, a modular event generator developed for the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program to simulate beyond-Standard-Model particles produced in the BNB and NuMI beams. It provides an interface connecting meson flux inputs to LArSoft-compatible outputs and includes specific implementations for the Higgs-portal, heavy neutral lepton, and heavy QCD axion models, along with details of those implementations and their validations.

Significance. If the modular interface and validations accurately reproduce the relevant production and decay kinematics, this tool would enable consistent, reproducible studies of dark-sector phenomenology across SBN detectors. The modular design for overlapping model phenomenology and direct connection to existing simulation frameworks is a practical strength for the neutrino physics community.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and validation sections] The abstract states that 'implementations and their validation' are specified, yet no quantitative validation details (e.g., comparison plots, error budgets, or metrics for 2-body/3-body kinematics, angular distributions, or beam boosts) are described. This leaves the central claim of a working, complete interface unverified for the three models.
  2. [Implementation and interface description] The modular structure is presented as capturing the overlapping phenomenology, but it is unclear whether model-specific corrections (form factors, interference, or off-shell effects) known to appear in the literature for MeV-scale masses and BNB/NuMI energies have been included or explicitly tested.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and introduction could more explicitly list the validation methods (e.g., internal consistency checks versus external benchmarks) to allow readers to assess completeness without reading the full implementation sections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful and constructive review of our manuscript describing MeVPrtl. We address each major comment point by point below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the presentation of validations and implementation details.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and validation sections] The abstract states that 'implementations and their validation' are specified, yet no quantitative validation details (e.g., comparison plots, error budgets, or metrics for 2-body/3-body kinematics, angular distributions, or beam boosts) are described. This leaves the central claim of a working, complete interface unverified for the three models.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the manuscript text describes the validation approach for the Higgs portal, heavy neutral lepton, and heavy QCD axion implementations through comparisons to analytic expectations and reference calculations, but does not present quantitative figures, error budgets, or specific metrics for kinematics, angular distributions, or boosted frames. To address this, we have added a new subsection with comparison plots and tabulated metrics demonstrating agreement for 2-body and 3-body decays, angular distributions, and beam-boost effects across the three models. These additions directly support the abstract claim. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Implementation and interface description] The modular structure is presented as capturing the overlapping phenomenology, but it is unclear whether model-specific corrections (form factors, interference, or off-shell effects) known to appear in the literature for MeV-scale masses and BNB/NuMI energies have been included or explicitly tested.

    Authors: The modular interface is intentionally designed to permit inclusion of such corrections on a model-by-model basis. In the current implementations, we employ the leading-order matrix elements and on-shell approximations standard in the cited literature for MeV-scale production and decay; form-factor corrections for meson decays, interference terms, and off-shell contributions are not yet incorporated beyond the basic models. We have revised the implementation section to explicitly list which corrections are included, which are omitted, and the rationale, with references to the relevant papers on MeV-scale effects at BNB/NuMI energies. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Software interface description with no derivations or self-referential results

full rationale

The paper presents MeVPrtl as a modular event generator providing an interface between meson flux inputs and LArSoft detector outputs for three BSM models (Higgs portal, heavy neutral lepton, heavy QCD axion). No equations, fitted parameters, or predictions are derived; the work consists of software design, implementation details, and validation descriptions. The central claim reduces to a statement of interface functionality rather than any quantity obtained by construction from its own inputs. No self-citations are load-bearing for any result, and the text contains no ansatzes, uniqueness theorems, or renamings of known patterns that would trigger the enumerated circularity patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work is a software interface layer; it relies on external meson flux inputs and standard particle physics assumptions but introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities of its own.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Meson production fluxes in the BNB and NuMI beams are taken as external inputs from prior measurements or simulations.
    The generator connects to these fluxes but does not derive or fit them.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5492 in / 1148 out tokens · 49199 ms · 2026-05-13T01:44:29.280988+00:00 · methodology

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