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arxiv: 2606.15259 · v2 · pith:UCK45TEJnew · submitted 2026-06-13 · 🌌 astro-ph.SR

Polarity Reversal of the Polar Magnetic Fields in Solar Cycle 25

Yin Li , Shuhong Yang , Yuzong Zhang , Qiao Song , Guiping Zhou , Yuanyong Deng , Jingxiu Wang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 04:18 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.SR
keywords solar cycle 25polar magnetic fieldspolarity reversalHinode satellitesolar dynamosunspot maximummagnetic field evolution
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The pith

Polar magnetic fields reversed polarity in November 2024 north and October 2024 south during solar cycle 25.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper tracks the reversal of the Sun's polar magnetic fields in solar cycle 25 using vector magnetic data from the Hinode satellite. Composite maps of the polar regions show the northern field changing from positive to negative and the southern doing the opposite over time. The reversals above 70 degrees latitude are dated to November 2024 for the north and October 2024 for the south. These timings lag or match the hemispheric sunspot maxima differently and follow a latitude-dependent pattern seen in the prior cycle. Accurate reversal dates help test solar dynamo theories and improve cycle predictions.

Core claim

Using polar top-down composite maps from Hinode spectropolarimeter data, the polarity reversals of the northern and southern polar caps above 70 deg latitude likely occurred in November 2024 and October 2024, respectively. The northern reversal lagged the northern hemispheric sunspot number maximum by approximately 19 months, while the southern reversal possibly coincided with the southern maximum. Polarity reversal times at 5 deg intervals above 70 deg show earlier reversal at lower latitudes, consistent with solar cycle 24.

What carries the argument

Polar top-down composite maps from Hinode-view magnetograms that track year-to-year changes in polar field polarity.

If this is right

  • The northern reversal occurs about 19 months after the northern sunspot maximum.
  • The southern reversal aligns closely with the southern sunspot maximum.
  • Reversals occur progressively earlier at lower polar latitudes.
  • These observations serve as references for modeling polar polarity reversal in solar cycles.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Combining these dates with other solar observations could refine predictions of the next solar minimum.
  • The hemispheric differences in reversal timing may relate to asymmetric magnetic field transport in the Sun.
  • Future data from other observatories could confirm or adjust these reversal dates.

Load-bearing premise

The constructed polar top-down composite maps accurately represent the true large-scale polar field polarity without significant projection effects or lower-latitude contamination.

What would settle it

Subsequent magnetogram observations showing that the polar field polarity above 70 degrees did not match the reported reversal times in late 2024.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.15259 by Guiping Zhou, Jingxiu Wang, Qiao Song, Shuhong Yang, Yin Li, Yuanyong Deng, Yuzong Zhang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Maps of line-of-sight magnetic flux density before (left) and after (right) the calibration. White dot￾ted curves denote latitude and longitude grid with 10◦ intervals. Yellow curves indicate the correct positions of the solar limb. in November 2012 and March 2014, respectively. They also found the northern polar region underwent multiple reversals, which has been attributed to the emergence of irregular a… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Maps of intrinsic total magnetic field strength (top panel) and radial magnetic flux density after resolving the 180◦ ambiguity (middle panel) and after subsequent removal of spurious polarities (bottom panel). Red curves denote the boundaries of magnetic patches, where the intrinsic total magnetic field strength exceeds 200 G across the entire patch.Yellow plus signs indicate poles and yellow curves repre… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Northern polar composite maps of radial magnetic flux density from 2022 to 2025. Plus signs (+) denote the poles, black solid curves correspond to 10◦ latitudinal intervals, and black dotted curves to 5◦ intervals. red contours, and each magnetic patch should have a single polarity. On the other hand, region of one polarity in the patch closer to the limb is less reliable, we intend to regard limb-side pol… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Southern polar composite maps of radial magnetic flux density from 2022 to 2025. Plus signs (+) denote the poles, black solid curves correspond to 10◦ latitudinal intervals, and black dotted curves to 5◦ intervals. 3. Results We perform geometric transformations on each magnetogram to convert the Hinode view to a solar polar top-down view (Yang et al. 2024a,b), hereafter referred to as polar view. Followin… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Evolution of 13-month smoothed monthly hemispheric sunspot number and the average radial magnetic flux density and the radial magnetic flux with the latitudinal range from 70◦ N to 90◦ N (panel a) and from 70◦ S to 90◦ S (panel b). The black dotted curves show the evolution of total sunspot number; the black solid curve in panels (a) and (b) denotes the northern and southern hemispheric sunspot number, res… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Latitude–time plot of the line-of-sight magnetic field from HMI synoptic maps. The black dashed lines indicate the latitudes of ±70◦ . flux are calculated as B¯ rk = P i, j Bri jkS i jk/ P i, j S i jk, and Φk = B¯ rkA, where Bri jk is radial magnetic flux density and S i jk is corresponding spherical area of the i-th pixel with a longitude range of −90◦ to 90◦ on the j-th magnetogram in year k, and A denot… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Evolution of radial magnetic flux density in the northern (top panels) and southern (bottom panels) polar regions. Error bars indicate the values propagated from the errors of the inversion parameters. we find that both polar regions (above ±70◦ ) may have undergone polarity reversal in 2024. Besides, the latitude-time plot also shows that magnetic flux is transported from low latitudes toward the polar re… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Evolution of radial magnetic flux in the northern (top panels) and southern (bottom panels) polar regions.Error bars indicate the values propagated from the errors of the inversion parameters [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_8.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The polar magnetic field polarity reversal is a key signature of solar cycle evolution, and precise determination of its timing is crucial for dynamo theory validation and solar cycle prediction. We investigate the polar polarity reversal of solar cycle 25 using the vector magnetic field data from the spectropolarimeter on board the Hinode satellite. We constructed polar top-down composite maps from Hinode-view magnetograms. These maps show the year-to-year polar polarity variations, with the northern polar region gradually changing from positive to negative and the southern polar region exhibiting the reverse behavior. The polarity reversals of the northern and southern polar caps (above 70 deg latitude) likely occurred in November 2024 and October 2024, respectively. The northern polarity reversal lagged the northern hemispheric sunspot number maximum by approximately 19 months, while the southern reversal possibly coincided with the southern maximum. Moreover, polarity reversal times calculated at 5 deg latitude intervals above 70 deg reveal a trend of earlier reversal in lower latitudes consistent with that of solar cycle 24. These results offer observational references for modeling polar polarity reversal in solar cycles.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript analyzes vector magnetic field data from the Hinode spectropolarimeter to construct polar top-down composite maps, reporting that the polarity reversals of the northern and southern polar caps above 70 degrees latitude likely occurred in November 2024 and October 2024, respectively. It also notes a 19-month lag for the northern reversal relative to sunspot maximum and a trend of earlier reversals at lower latitudes within the polar region, consistent with cycle 24.

Significance. If the map construction is robust, this provides timely observational constraints on the timing of polar field reversals in cycle 25, which are valuable for validating solar dynamo models and improving cycle predictions. The use of established Hinode data and the latitude-interval analysis add to the observational record.

major comments (3)
  1. [§2 (Data and Analysis)] §2 (Data and Analysis): The polar top-down composite maps are formed from Hinode-view vector magnetograms with a 70° latitude threshold and averaging procedure; however, no quantitative evaluation or sensitivity tests are provided for line-of-sight projection effects at high heliocentric angles or residual lower-latitude flux leakage, which could systematically shift the apparent reversal timing.
  2. [Abstract and §3 (Results)] Abstract and §3 (Results): The reversal dates (November 2024 north, October 2024 south) and the 19-month lag are stated without error bars, data selection criteria, or sensitivity analysis to the exact latitude boundary or averaging kernel, undermining assessment of whether the reported months are robust.
  3. [§3 (Results)] §3 (Results): The reported trend of earlier reversal at lower latitudes (5° intervals above 70°) is presented as consistent with cycle 24, but without explicit checks that this trend is independent of projection or contamination biases in the map construction, the latitude dependence cannot be taken as confirmed.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: Include the time span of the Hinode observations and the number of magnetograms used to provide context for the year-to-year maps.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment point by point below, indicating planned revisions where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: §2 (Data and Analysis): The polar top-down composite maps are formed from Hinode-view vector magnetograms with a 70° latitude threshold and averaging procedure; however, no quantitative evaluation or sensitivity tests are provided for line-of-sight projection effects at high heliocentric angles or residual lower-latitude flux leakage, which could systematically shift the apparent reversal timing.

    Authors: We agree that explicit quantitative sensitivity tests are absent from the current version. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated paragraph in §2 describing tests that vary the latitude cutoff between 65°–75° and alter the spatial averaging kernel; the resulting shifts in apparent reversal timing will be quantified and tabulated. We will also note that the use of full vector magnetograms (rather than line-of-sight only) and the top-down polar projection already reduce the dominant projection bias, but the new tests will make this explicit. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Abstract and §3 (Results): The reversal dates (November 2024 north, October 2024 south) and the 19-month lag are stated without error bars, data selection criteria, or sensitivity analysis to the exact latitude boundary or averaging kernel, undermining assessment of whether the reported months are robust.

    Authors: We will revise the abstract and §3 to report reversal times with uncertainty ranges obtained from the ensemble of map constructions (different thresholds and kernels). Data-selection criteria (e.g., minimum number of magnetograms per month, noise thresholds) will be stated explicitly in §2. A new table in §3 will show reversal dates for the nominal 70° boundary as well as for 65° and 75° boundaries, allowing readers to judge robustness directly. revision: yes

  3. Referee: §3 (Results): The reported trend of earlier reversal at lower latitudes (5° intervals above 70°) is presented as consistent with cycle 24, but without explicit checks that this trend is independent of projection or contamination biases in the map construction, the latitude dependence cannot be taken as confirmed.

    Authors: We will add an explicit test in the revised §3: the latitude-interval analysis will be repeated after (i) applying an additional cosine-projection weighting and (ii) masking pixels within 5° of the 70° boundary. The persistence (or change) of the earlier-reversal trend at lower latitudes will be reported, together with a direct comparison to the cycle-24 result under the same test conditions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Purely observational measurement of reversal timing from constructed maps; no derivations, fits, or self-citation chains

full rationale

The paper constructs polar top-down composite maps directly from Hinode SP vector magnetograms and reports reversal dates by inspecting year-to-year polarity changes above 70° latitude. No equations, parameters, or models appear; the timing is read from the maps without any prediction step that reduces to a fit. No self-citations are invoked to justify uniqueness, ansatzes, or load-bearing premises. The result is an empirical observation self-contained against the input magnetogram data.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work is observational and introduces no free parameters, new entities, or ad-hoc assumptions beyond standard solar physics data interpretation.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Hinode spectropolarimeter vector magnetograms provide reliable measurements of polar magnetic fields suitable for composite mapping
    Invoked to justify the construction of top-down polar maps from the data.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5743 in / 1105 out tokens · 51130 ms · 2026-06-27T04:18:11.305388+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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