pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.23476 · v1 · pith:FHXFANIHnew · submitted 2026-06-22 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

TeV-PeV Gamma-ray and Neutrino Emission in the Galactic Plane

Saikat Das , Nayantara Gupta , Siyao Xu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 07:21 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE
keywords diffuse gamma raysneutrino emissionGalactic planecosmic raysinterstellar radiation fieldLHAASOIceCube
0
0 comments X

The pith

Diffuse Galactic plane gamma rays split into leptonic and hadronic parts yield neutrinos that match IceCube data even after ISRF variations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper models LHAASO diffuse TeV-PeV gamma rays in the Galactic plane as the sum of unresolved leptonic emission from pulsar wind nebulae and hadronic emission from supernova-injected cosmic-ray protons. It tests alternative radial profiles for the infrared interstellar radiation field that increase photon density toward the inner Galaxy and measures their effect on gamma-gamma attenuation. Because the fit excludes the Galactic center direction and applies source masks, these profile changes alter the overall normalization only modestly. The hadronic component inferred from the gamma-ray data then produces pp neutrino emission that stays consistent with the IceCube all-sky flux and does not exceed ANTARES or KM3NeT limits on the Galactic Ridge.

Core claim

We model the LHAASO observation of diffuse TeV--PeV γ rays in the Galactic plane as the sum of unresolved leptonic emission from pulsar wind nebulae and hadronic emission from supernova-injected cosmic-ray (CR) protons. We investigate uncertainties in the radial distribution of the infrared component of the interstellar radiation field (ISRF), using profiles with enhanced photon densities in the inner Galaxy. The alternative ISRF models affect the LHAASO diffuse fit only modestly, as the analysis excludes the Galactic center direction and applies source masks in the Galactic plane. Using the hadronic normalization inferred from the LHAASO fit for various ISRF models, the associated pp neutri

What carries the argument

Decomposition of diffuse gamma-ray flux into unresolved leptonic pulsar-wind-nebula emission plus hadronic emission from cosmic-ray protons, with the infrared ISRF radial profile varied to quantify gamma-gamma attenuation changes.

If this is right

  • The same ISRF variations produce noticeable changes in both hadronic and inverse-Compton gamma-ray emission above 10 TeV from sources near the central molecular zone.
  • Future KM3NeT neutrino observations combined with gamma-ray data on individual sources can constrain the inner-Galaxy cosmic-ray population.
  • Modified infrared profiles alter inverse-Compton emission from point sources near the central molecular zone.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The modest impact of ISRF changes implies that gamma-ray data outside the masked inner region can still anchor the overall hadronic normalization.
  • This approach could be extended to test whether the same cosmic-ray population accounts for both diffuse and point-source emission once better inner-Galaxy ISRF maps become available.

Load-bearing premise

The observed diffuse gamma-ray emission can be cleanly separated into leptonic pulsar-wind-nebula and hadronic cosmic-ray proton contributions once known sources are masked and the Galactic-center direction is excluded.

What would settle it

Detection of a Galactic Ridge neutrino flux above the current ANTARES or KM3NeT upper limits, or a clear mismatch between the hadronic gamma-ray normalization and the IceCube all-sky neutrino measurement, would falsify the consistency result.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.23476 by Nayantara Gupta, Saikat Das, Siyao Xu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Axisymmetric density distribution of (a) molecular H2 and (b) atomic H I in Galactocentric coordinates, obtained by az￾imuthally averaging the 3D interstellar medium reconstruction of Soding et al. ¨ (2025). 2016; Gupta 2025), we consider IR profiles with enhanced photon densities in the inner Galaxy. We evaluate their im￾pact on the γγ optical depth and hence on the fit to the ob￾served diffuse γ-ray spec… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Galactic pulsar distribution, generated from the observed ATNF pulsar distribution in a 60◦ Galactocentric azimuthal sector centered on the Sun–Galactic-center line. The distribution corre￾sponds to one random realization with an aligned-pulsar fraction of unity. The red dashed line marks ℓ = 15◦ ; the LHAASO region of interest extends anticlockwise to the green dashed line at ℓ = 235◦ . ∂Np/∂t = 0. We sol… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Diffuse integrated γ-ray emission at > 10 TeV in the Galactic plane from PWNe for one random realization of the Galaxy. The emission from the white regions are masked out to match the LHAASO analysis (Cao et al. 2023). The upper and lower panels correspond to the LHAASO inner (15◦ < ℓ < 125◦ , |b| < 5 ◦ ) and outer (125◦ < ℓ < 235◦ , |b| < 5 ◦ ) regions. & Manchester 1998), the 737 pulsars selected in the … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: LHAASO inner-region (15◦ < ℓ < 125◦ , |b| < 5 ◦ ) diffuse γ-ray spectrum for the baseline model. The blue band shows the 3σ confidence interval from the fitted hadronic normalization, while the green band shows the 1σ spread of the unresolved PWN component. The γ-ray flux is obtained by summing the contributions of unresolved sources over the sky pixels, after applying γγ attenuation in the ISRF. The mean … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Diffuse γ-ray flux for the LHAASO inner (15◦ < ℓ < 125◦ , |b| < 5 ◦ ) and outer (125◦ < ℓ < 235◦ , |b| < 5 ◦ ) region of interest. The shaded region indicates the variation due to uncertainties in the IR model stemming from alternate dust density profiles assumed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Left: Neutrino flux obtained in our baseline model (blue line) and other IR distribution profiles (blue shaded), using the best-fit normalizations obtained in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Flux of inverse-Compton γ-ray emission from a steady-state electron spectrum, shown in arbitrary units. The source is placed near the CMZ at R = 0.2 kpc. The left panel shows the relative contributions of the different ISRF photon fields in the baseline model. The right panel shows the change in the total spectrum for different IR radial-dependence models. concentration, we add the CMZ atomic and molecular… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We model the LHAASO observation of diffuse TeV--PeV $\gamma$ rays in the Galactic plane as the sum of unresolved leptonic emission from pulsar wind nebulae and hadronic emission from supernova-injected cosmic-ray (CR) protons. We investigate uncertainties in the radial distribution of the infrared component of the interstellar radiation field (ISRF), using profiles with enhanced photon densities in the inner Galaxy. We quantify their effects on $\gamma\gamma$ attenuation of the diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission. The alternative ISRF models affect the LHAASO diffuse fit only modestly, as the analysis excludes the Galactic center direction and applies source masks in the Galactic plane. Using the hadronic normalization inferred from the LHAASO fit for various ISRF models, the associated $pp$ neutrino emission remains consistent with the IceCube all-sky measurement, while the flux from the Galactic Ridge region remains compatible with current ANTARES and KM3NeT constraints. Since the modified infrared profiles differ most strongly toward the inner Galaxy, we also examine their impact on inverse-Compton emission from point sources near the central molecular zone. These same models can noticeably modify the hadronic and inverse-Compton $\gamma$-ray emission above $\sim\!10$ TeV from sources in the central region. Future KM3NeT observations, combined with $\gamma$-ray measurements of individual sources, can probe the inner-Galaxy CR population and constrain the radial distribution of the ISRF near the Galactic Center.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript models the LHAASO observation of diffuse TeV-PeV gamma rays in the Galactic plane as the sum of unresolved leptonic emission from pulsar wind nebulae and hadronic emission from supernova-injected cosmic-ray protons. It investigates uncertainties arising from alternative interstellar radiation field (ISRF) infrared radial profiles with enhanced inner-Galaxy densities, finding only modest effects on the LHAASO diffuse fit due to source masks and exclusion of the Galactic-center direction. Using the resulting hadronic normalizations, the associated pp neutrino emission is reported to remain consistent with the IceCube all-sky measurement, with the Galactic Ridge flux compatible with ANTARES and KM3NeT constraints. The work also examines impacts on inverse-Compton emission from sources near the central molecular zone and discusses prospects for future KM3NeT observations.

Significance. If the decomposition of the diffuse emission holds, the analysis supplies a multi-messenger consistency check linking LHAASO gamma-ray data to neutrino observations while quantifying how ISRF variations propagate to attenuation and emission predictions. The explicit variation of ISRF profiles and the modest impact under the adopted masks represent a concrete step toward addressing inner-Galaxy uncertainties.

major comments (1)
  1. [Modeling of diffuse emission and hadronic normalization extraction (abstract and associated fit description)] The hadronic normalization that sets the predicted neutrino flux is extracted only after subtracting an assumed leptonic contribution from unresolved PWNe, using fixed source masks and excluding the Galactic-center direction. The manuscript varies ISRF models but does not vary the PWNe spatial/spectral template or mask boundaries; any systematic error in this decomposition directly rescales the neutrino prediction and therefore underpins the claimed consistency with IceCube, ANTARES, and KM3NeT data.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the neutrino flux 'remains consistent' but does not quote the numerical range of hadronic normalizations obtained across the ISRF models; adding this range would clarify the robustness of the consistency statement.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our manuscript. The major comment raises an important point about the fixed nature of the PWNe template in our decomposition of the diffuse emission. We address this below and outline the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Modeling of diffuse emission and hadronic normalization extraction (abstract and associated fit description)] The hadronic normalization that sets the predicted neutrino flux is extracted only after subtracting an assumed leptonic contribution from unresolved PWNe, using fixed source masks and excluding the Galactic-center direction. The manuscript varies ISRF models but does not vary the PWNe spatial/spectral template or mask boundaries; any systematic error in this decomposition directly rescales the neutrino prediction and therefore underpins the claimed consistency with IceCube, ANTARES, and KM3NeT data.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the hadronic normalization is obtained after subtracting a fixed leptonic contribution from unresolved PWNe, with fixed spatial/spectral templates and mask boundaries. These choices are motivated by established pulsar population models and the need to exclude regions (including the Galactic center) where source confusion and modeling uncertainties are highest; the masks follow those used in the LHAASO diffuse analysis itself. The manuscript's primary goal is to quantify the propagation of ISRF uncertainties through the attenuation and emission modeling while holding the decomposition fixed, so that the modest impact of alternative ISRF profiles can be isolated. Because the same PWNe subtraction is applied uniformly across all ISRF cases, the relative changes in the hadronic component (and thus the neutrino predictions) remain robust. We agree, however, that a dedicated sensitivity study varying the PWNe template would further strengthen the multi-messenger consistency claims. We will therefore add an explicit discussion of this systematic in the revised manuscript, including a qualitative assessment of how plausible variations in the PWNe normalization would rescale the neutrino flux while preserving the reported consistency with IceCube, ANTARES, and KM3NeT data. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; neutrino consistency is an external check on independent data

full rationale

The paper fits a hadronic normalization to LHAASO gamma-ray data after modeling a leptonic PWNe component, then computes the associated pp neutrino flux via standard pion-decay kinematics and compares the result to separate IceCube, ANTARES, and KM3NeT measurements. This constitutes a consistency test between two distinct observables linked by known particle physics, not a reduction of one result to the other by construction. No self-citation chains, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes imported from prior author work are invoked as load-bearing steps. The derivation remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on two fitted quantities (hadronic normalization and choice among ISRF profiles) plus the domain assumption that the observed diffuse emission is the sum of the two specified components. No new particles or forces are introduced.

free parameters (2)
  • hadronic normalization
    Scale factor for the supernova-injected CR proton component, adjusted to reproduce the LHAASO diffuse gamma-ray spectrum.
  • ISRF infrared radial profile parameters
    Alternative functional forms with enhanced inner-Galaxy photon density, selected to bracket uncertainties.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Diffuse TeV-PeV gamma-ray emission is the sum of unresolved leptonic PWNe emission and hadronic emission from SN-injected CR protons
    Explicitly stated as the modeling framework in the abstract.
  • standard math Gamma-gamma attenuation is dominated by the infrared component of the ISRF
    Standard pair-production kinematics applied to the chosen ISRF models.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5805 in / 1496 out tokens · 23298 ms · 2026-06-26T07:21:50.229243+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

212 extracted references · 195 canonical work pages · 91 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Dermer, C. D. and Razzaque, S. and Finke, J. D. and Atoyan, A. Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays from Black Hole Jets of Radio Galaxies. New J. Phys. 2009. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/065016. arXiv:0811.1160

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/065016 2009

  2. [2]

    The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

    Pierre Auger Collaboration. The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058. arXiv:1502.01323

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058 2015

  3. [3]

    Combined fit of spectrum and composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

    Pierre Auger Collaboration. Combined fit of spectrum and composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. JCAP. 2017. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/04/038. arXiv:1612.07155

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/04/038 2017

  4. [4]

    Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays

    Anchordoqui, Luis A. Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays. Phys. Rept. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.002. arXiv:1807.09645

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.002 2019

  5. [5]

    The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays

    The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102620 , archivePrefix =. 1101.4256 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102620

  6. [6]

    The Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays above 10$^{17.2}$ eV Measured by the Fluorescence Detectors of the Telescope Array Experiment in Seven Years

    Telescope Array Collaboration. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10 ^ 17.2 eV measured by the fluorescence detectors of the Telescope Array experiment in seven years. Astropart. Phys. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2016.04.002. arXiv:1511.07510

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2016.04.002 2016

  7. [7]

    Transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays

    Aloisio, R. and Berezinsky, V. and Gazizov, A. Transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays. Astropart. Phys. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.09.007. arXiv:1211.0494

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.09.007 2012

  8. [8]

    Abbasi , R. U. and others. Indications of Proton-Dominated Cosmic-Ray Composition above 1.6 EeV. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.161101 , archivePrefix =. 0910.4184 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.161101

  9. [9]

    Bird, D. J. and others. Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation. Astrophys. J. 1995. doi:10.1086/175344. arXiv:astro-ph/9410067

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/175344 1995

  10. [10]

    An extremely energetic cosmic ray observed by a surface detector array

    Telescope Array Collaboration. An extremely energetic cosmic ray observed by a surface detector array. Science. 2023. doi:10.1126/science.abo5095. arXiv:2311.14231

    work page doi:10.1126/science.abo5095 2023

  11. [11]

    Our Peculiar Motion Away from the Local Void

    Tully, R. Brent and Shaya, Edward J. and Karachentsev, Igor D. and Courtois, H. M. and Kocevski, Dale D. and Rizzi, Luca and Peel, Alan. Our Peculiar Motion Away from the Local Void. Astrophys. J. 2008. doi:10.1086/527428. arXiv:0705.4139

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/527428 2008

  12. [12]

    UHECR Clustering: Lightest Nuclei from Local Sheet Galaxies

    Fargion, Daniele and De Sanctis Lucentini, Pier Giorgio and Khlopov, Maxim Yu. UHECR Clustering: Lightest Nuclei from Local Sheet Galaxies. Universe. 2024. doi:10.3390/universe10080323. arXiv:2408.07172

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3390/universe10080323 2024

  13. [13]

    Theodore and Murase, Kohta and Ekanger, Nick and Bhattacharya, Mukul and Horiuchi, Shunsaku

    Zhang, B. Theodore and Murase, Kohta and Ekanger, Nick and Bhattacharya, Mukul and Horiuchi, Shunsaku. Ultraheavy Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays. 2024. arXiv:2405.17409

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  14. [14]

    Binary Neutron Star Mergers as the Source of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays

    Farrar, Glennys R. Binary Neutron Star Mergers as the Source of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2025. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.081003. arXiv:2405.12004

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.081003 2025

  15. [15]

    New physics as a possible explanation for the Amaterasu particle

    Lang, Rodrigo Guedes. New physics as a possible explanation for the Amaterasu particle. JCAP. 2024. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/11/023. arXiv:2405.03528

    work page doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/11/023 2024

  16. [16]

    Testing effects of Lorentz invariance violation in the propagation of astroparticles with the Pierre Auger Observatory

    Pierre Auger Collaboration. Testing effects of Lorentz invariance violation in the propagation of astroparticles with the Pierre Auger Observatory. JCAP. 2022. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/01/023. arXiv:2112.06773

    work page doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/01/023 2022

  17. [17]

    , year = 1966, month = apr, volume =

    End to the Cosmic-Ray Spectrum?. , year = 1966, month = apr, volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.748 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.16.748 1966

  18. [18]

    Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters , year = 1966, month = aug, volume =

    Upper Limit of the Spectrum of Cosmic Rays. Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters , year = 1966, month = aug, volume =

    1966

  19. [19]

    doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab6bcb , arxivId =

    Fermi-LAT Collaboration. Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 2020. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab6bcb. arXiv:1902.10045

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab6bcb 2020

  20. [20]

    Giant AGN Flares and Cosmic Ray Bursts

    Farrar, Glennys R. and Gruzinov, Andrei. Giant AGN Flares and Cosmic Ray Bursts. Astrophys. J. 2009. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/329. arXiv:0802.1074

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/693/1/329 2009

  21. [21]

    , keywords =

    Electron Injection by Relativistic Protons in Active Galactic Nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/184980 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/184980

  22. [22]

    , keywords =

    High-energy neutrino astronomy: a probe of galactic nuclei?. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/157269 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/157269

  23. [23]

    , keywords =

    Neutrinos from flat-spectrum radio quasars. , keywords =

  24. [24]

    Szabo, A. P. and Protheroe, R. J. Implications of particle acceleration in active galactic nuclei for cosmic rays and high-energy neutrino astronomy. Astropart. Phys. 1994. doi:10.1016/0927-6505(94)90027-2. arXiv:astro-ph/9405020

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/0927-6505(94)90027-2 1994

  25. [25]

    , keywords =

    On high-energy neutrino radiation of quasars and active galactic nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/194.1.3 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/194.1.3

  26. [26]

    High-Energy Neutrinos from Photomeson Processes in Blazars

    Atoyan, Armen and Dermer, Charles D. High-energy neutrinos from photomeson processes in blazars. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.221102. arXiv:astro-ph/0108053

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.221102 2001

  27. [27]

    , keywords =

    High-energy neutrinos from active galactic nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2697 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.66.2697

  28. [28]

    Modeling the spectrum and composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with two populations of extragalactic sources

    Das, Saikat and Razzaque, Soebur and Gupta, Nayantara. Modeling the spectrum and composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with two populations of extragalactic sources. Eur. Phys. J. C. 2021. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08885-4. arXiv:2004.07621

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08885-4 2021

  29. [29]

    Constraints on the proton fraction of cosmic rays at the highest energies and the consequences for cosmogenic neutrinos and photons

    Ehlert, Domenik and van Vliet, Arjen and Oikonomou, Foteini and Winter, Walter. Constraints on the proton fraction of cosmic rays at the highest energies and the consequences for cosmogenic neutrinos and photons. JCAP. 2024. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/02/022. arXiv:2304.07321

    work page doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/02/022 2024

  30. [30]

    Progress towards characterizing ultrahigh energy cosmic ray sources

    Muzio, Marco Stein and Unger, Michael and Farrar, Glennys R. Progress towards characterizing ultrahigh energy cosmic ray sources. Phys. Rev. D. 2019. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.100.103008. arXiv:1906.06233

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.103008 2019

  31. [31]

    Diffuse Neutrino Intensity from the Inner Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei: Impacts of External Photon Fields and the Blazar Sequence

    Murase, Kohta and Inoue, Yoshiyuki and Dermer, Charles D. Diffuse Neutrino Intensity from the Inner Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei: Impacts of External Photon Fields and the Blazar Sequence. Phys. Rev. D. 2014. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.023007. arXiv:1403.4089

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.90.023007 2014

  32. [32]

    Chapter 10: High-Energy Neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei

    Murase, Kohta and Stecker, Floyd W. Chapter 10: High-Energy Neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei. 2023. doi:10.1142/9789811282645_0010. arXiv:2202.03381

    work page doi:10.1142/9789811282645_0010 2023

  33. [33]

    Gamma Ray Astronomy with LHAASO

    Vernetto, S. Gamma Ray Astronomy with LHAASO. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2016. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/718/5/052043

    work page doi:10.1088/1742-6596/718/5/052043 2016

  34. [34]

    The Cherenkov Telescope Array: layout, design and performance

    Gueta, Orel. The Cherenkov Telescope Array: layout, design and performance. Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference PoS(ICRC2021). doi:10.22323/1.395.0885

    work page doi:10.22323/1.395.0885

  35. [35]

    Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert

    IceCube Collaboration. Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert. Science. 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aat2890. arXiv:1807.08794

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1126/science.aat2890 2018

  36. [36]

    and others

    Ansoldi, S. and others. The blazar TXS 0506+056 associated with a high-energy neutrino: insights into extragalactic jets and cosmic ray acceleration. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2018. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad083. arXiv:1807.04300

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad083 2018

  37. [37]

    Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A

    IceCube Collaboration and Fermi-LAT Collaboration and MAGIC Collaboration and others. Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Science. 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aat1378. arXiv:1807.08816

    work page doi:10.1126/science.aat1378 2018

  38. [38]

    A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: implications for High-Energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic Ray Acceleration

    Keivani, A. and others. A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: implications for High-Energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic Ray Acceleration. Astrophys. J. 2018. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad59a. arXiv:1807.04537

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad59a 2018

  39. [39]

    GAMERA - a new modeling package for non-thermal spectral modeling

    Hahn, Joachim. GAMERA - a new modeling package for non-thermal spectral modeling. PoS. 2016. doi:10.22323/1.236.0917

    work page doi:10.22323/1.236.0917 2016

  40. [40]

    Stecker, F. W. Effect of photomeson production by the universal radiation field on high-energy cosmic rays. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1968. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1016

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.21.1016 1968

  41. [41]

    , keywords =

    Reaction rate and energy-loss rate for photopair production by relativistic nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/171984 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/171984

  42. [42]

    Computer Physics Communications , eprint =

    Monte Carlo simulations of photohadronic processes in astrophysics. Computer Physics Communications , eprint =. doi:10.1016/S0010-4655(99)00446-4 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1016/s0010-4655(99)00446-4

  43. [43]

    Kelner, S. R. and Aharonian, F. A. Energy spectra of gamma-rays, electrons and neutrinos produced at interactions of relativistic protons with low energy radiation. Phys. Rev. D. 2008. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.099901. arXiv:0803.0688

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.82.099901 2008

  44. [44]

    Implications of multiwavelength spectrum on cosmic-ray acceleration in blazar TXS 0506+056

    Das, Saikat and Gupta, Nayantara and Razzaque, Soebur. Implications of multiwavelength spectrum on cosmic-ray acceleration in blazar TXS 0506+056. Astron. Astrophys. 2022. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244653. arXiv:2208.00838

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244653 2022

  45. [45]

    Dissecting the broadband emission from -ray blazar PKS 0735+178 in search of neutrinos

    Prince, Raj and Das, Saikat and Gupta, Nayantara and Majumdar, Pratik and Czerny, Bo\.zena. Dissecting the broadband emission from -ray blazar PKS 0735+178 in search of neutrinos. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 2024. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3804. arXiv:2301.06565

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3804 2024

  46. [46]

    Pair Production in Photon-Photon Collisions , author =. Phys. Rev. , volume =. 1967 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.155.1404 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrev.155.1404 1967

  47. [47]

    Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars

    Boettcher, M. and Reimer, A. and Sweeney, K. and Prakash, A. Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars. Astrophys. J. 2013. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/54. arXiv:1304.0605

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/768/1/54 2013

  48. [48]

    The Pair Production Spectrum from Photon-Photon Annihilation

    The pair production spectrum from photon-photon annihilation. , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9703069 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9703069 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9703069

  49. [49]

    Anisotropies of ultra-high energy cosmic rays diffusing from extragalactic sources

    Harari, Diego and Mollerach, Silvia and Roulet, Esteban. Anisotropies of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays diffusing from extragalactic sources. Phys. Rev. D. 2014. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.89.123001. arXiv:1312.1366

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.123001 2014

  50. [50]

    and Unger, Michael

    Muzio, Marco Stein and Farrar, Glennys R. and Unger, Michael. Probing the environments surrounding ultrahigh energy cosmic ray accelerators and their implications for astrophysical neutrinos. Phys. Rev. D. 2022. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023022. arXiv:2108.05512

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.023022 2022

  51. [51]

    Propagation of high-energy cosmic rays in extragalactic turbulent magnetic fields: resulting energy spectrum and composition

    Globus, N. and Allard, D. and Parizot, E. Propagation of high-energy cosmic rays in extragalactic turbulent magnetic fields: resulting energy spectrum and composition. Astron. Astrophys. 2008. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078653. arXiv:0709.1541

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078653 2008

  52. [52]

    and others

    Britzen, S. and others. icecube AGN neutrino candidate PKS\,1717+177: dark deflector bends nuclear jet. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 2024. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2373. arXiv:2410.18184

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2373 2024

  53. [53]

    PKS 1510-089: a rare example of a flat spectrum radio quasar with a very high-energy emission

    Barnacka, Anna and Moderski, Rafal and Behera, Bagmeet and Brun, Pierre and Wagner, Stefan. PKS 1510-089: a rare example of a flat spectrum radio quasar with a very high-energy emission. Astron. Astrophys. 2014. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322205. arXiv:1307.1779

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322205 2014

  54. [54]

    TXS 0506+056, the first cosmic neutrino source, is not a BL Lac

    Padovani, P. and Oikonomou, F. and Petropoulou, M. and Giommi, P. and Resconi, E. TXS 0506+056, the first cosmic neutrino source, is not a BL Lac. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 2019. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz011. arXiv:1901.06998

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz011 2019

  55. [55]

    Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Probes of Large Scale Structure and Magnetic Fields

    Sigl, Gunter and Miniati, Francesco and Ensslin, Torsten A. Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray probes of large scale structure and magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. D. 2004. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.043007. arXiv:astro-ph/0401084

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.70.043007 2004

  56. [56]

    Gilmore, R. C. and Somerville, R. S. and Primack, J. R. and Dominguez, A. Semi-analytic modeling of the EBL and consequences for extragalactic gamma-ray spectra. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20841.x. arXiv:1104.0671

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20841.x 2012

  57. [57]

    Search for steady point-like sources in the astrophysical muon neutrino flux with 8 years of IceCube data

    IceCube Collaboration. Search for steady point-like sources in the astrophysical muon neutrino flux with 8 years of IceCube data. Eur. Phys. J. C. 2019. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6680-0. arXiv:1811.07979

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6680-0 2019

  58. [58]

    Measurement of the Diffuse Astrophysical Muon-Neutrino Spectrum with Ten Years of IceCube Data

    Stettner, J. Measurement of the Diffuse Astrophysical Muon-Neutrino Spectrum with Ten Years of IceCube Data. PoS. 2020. doi:10.22323/1.358.1017. arXiv:1908.09551

    work page doi:10.22323/1.358.1017 2020

  59. [59]

    Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Data Release 4 (4FGL-DR4)

    Fermi-LAT Collaboration. Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Data Release 4 (4FGL-DR4). arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.12546 , archivePrefix =. 2307.12546 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2307.12546

  60. [60]

    CRATES: An All-Sky Survey of Flat-Spectrum Radio Sources

    CRATES: An All-Sky Survey of Flat-Spectrum Radio Sources. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/513742 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0702346 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/513742

  61. [61]

    Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems III , year = 1994, editor =

    The VLA's FIRST Survey. Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems III , year = 1994, editor =

    1994

  62. [62]

    37 GHz observations of a large sample of BL Lacertae objects

    37 GHz Observations of a Large Sample of BL Lacertae Objects. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/512609 , archivePrefix =. 0705.0887 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/512609

  63. [63]

    Bulletin d'Information du Centre de Donnees Stellaires , year = 1992, month = jul, volume =

    PKSCAT90: The southern radio source database. Bulletin d'Information du Centre de Donnees Stellaires , year = 1992, month = jul, volume =

    1992

  64. [64]

    Planck 2013 results. XXVIII. The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321524 , archivePrefix =. 1303.5088 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321524 2013

  65. [65]

    VizieR Online Data Catalog: The Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (Leiden, 1998)

    1998

  66. [66]

    The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance

    The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868 , archivePrefix =. 1008.0031 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868

  67. [67]

    , keywords =

    GALEX catalogs of UV sources: statistical properties and sample science applications: hot white dwarfs in the Milky Way. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10509-010-0581-x , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10509-010-0581-x

  68. [68]

    Simultaneous Planck, Swift, and Fermi observations of X-ray and gamma-ray selected blazars

    Simultaneous Planck, Swift, and Fermi observations of X-ray and -ray selected blazars. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117825 , archivePrefix =. 1108.1114 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117825

  69. [69]

    The 7-year MAXI/GSC X-ray Source Catalog in the High Galactic-Latitude Sky (3MAXI)

    Kawamuro, T. and others. The 7-year MAXI/GSC X-ray Source Catalog in the High Galactic-Latitude Sky (3MAXI). Astrophys. J. Suppl. 2018. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aad1ef. arXiv:1807.00874

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aad1ef 2018

  70. [70]

    Fermi Large Area Telescope First Source Catalog

    Fermi Large Area Telescope First Source Catalog. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/188/2/405 , archivePrefix =. 1002.2280 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0067-0049/188/2/405

  71. [71]

    Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog

    Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/31 , archivePrefix =. 1108.1435 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/31

  72. [72]

    , keywords =

    The Fourth Catalog of Active Galactic Nuclei Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope: Data Release 3. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac9523 , archivePrefix =. 2209.12070 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac9523

  73. [73]

    2010 , title =

    TeV BL Lac objects at the dawn of the Fermi era. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15784.x , archivePrefix =. 0909.0651 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15784.x 2009

  74. [74]

    Gamma-ray emission from AGNs

    Gamma-Ray Emission from AGNS (special Focus on BL Lac Objects). International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =. doi:10.1142/S0218271810017081 , archivePrefix =. 1001.4015 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1142/s0218271810017081

  75. [75]

    A New Model of the Galactic Magnetic Field

    Jansson, Ronnie and Farrar, Glennys R. A New Model of the Galactic Magnetic Field. Astrophys. J. 2012. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/14. arXiv:1204.3662

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/757/1/14 2012

  76. [76]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    The ASDC SED Builder Tool description and Tutorial. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1103.0749 , archivePrefix =. 1103.0749 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.1103.0749

  77. [77]

    Neutrino astronomy with the next generation IceCube Neutrino Observatory

    IceCube Collaboration. Neutrino astronomy with the next generation IceCube Neutrino Observatory. 2019. arXiv:1911.02561

    arXiv 2019

  78. [78]

    IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe

    IceCube Collaboration. IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe. J. Phys. G. 2021. doi:10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48. arXiv:2008.04323

    work page doi:10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48 2021

  79. [79]

    The first search for extremely-high energy cosmogenic neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

    Abbasi, R. and others. The first search for extremely-high energy cosmogenic neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Phys. Rev. D. 2010. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.072003. arXiv:1009.1442

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.82.072003 2010

  80. [80]

    Letter of Intent for KM3NeT 2.0

    KM3NeT Collaboration. Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0. J. Phys. G. 2016. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/43/8/084001. arXiv:1601.07459

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0954-3899/43/8/084001 2016

Showing first 80 references.