Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms | Paper Citation Record

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This paper cites Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120(30).

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120(30)

Reference 1

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

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Observation c54b5b5a-b2f4-454e-8df5-01bb5a19d828 · outbound

This paper cites Charness, B.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Charness, B

Reference 3

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Observation d59b0b9a-5743-4b0f-8616-76a17c634a39 · outbound

This paper cites Pruss, J.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Pruss, J

Reference 4

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This paper cites Rathje,et al., GPT is an effective tool for multilingual psychological text analysis.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Rathje,et al., GPT is an effective tool for multilingual psychological text analysis

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.290657Z

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Observation 22877ede-b43f-48ef-91d1-5e0cf5ee9a33 · outbound

This paper cites Adcock, D.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Adcock, D

Reference 6

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Observation 3e901095-21ed-45f8-8caf-ba33e21ccee3 · outbound

This paper cites Goertz,Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide(Princeton University Press, Princeton) (2006).

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Goertz,Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide(Princeton University Press, Princeton) (2006)

Reference 7

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Observation be7a3ebb-8adc-4a42-842e-71f61e5058e0 · outbound

This paper cites Chang, S.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Chang, S

Reference 8

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Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

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Observation 2f5f27ce-ad1c-4ce3-af17-fae6db853551 · outbound

This paper cites Grimmer, B.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Grimmer, B

Reference 10

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This paper cites Garc ´ıa-Ferrero, B.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Garc ´ıa-Ferrero, B

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.282486Z

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Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

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This paper cites Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.281001Z

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Observation 93e5c3d2-5957-4031-94ef-a20d44a891ea · outbound

This paper cites Sclar, Y.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Sclar, Y

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.632047Z

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This paper cites You don ' t need a personality test to know these models are unreliable: Assessing the Reliability of Large Language Models on Psychometric Instruments.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms You don ' t need a personality test to know these models are unreliable: Assessing the Reliability of Large Language Models on Psychometric Instruments

Reference 15

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.248887Z

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This paper cites Wang,et al., Are Large Language Models Really Robust to Word-Level Perturbations? Transactions on Machine Learning Research(2025),https://openreview.net/forum? id=rWSiBknwQa.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Wang,et al., Are Large Language Models Really Robust to Word-Level Perturbations? Transactions on Machine Learning Research(2025),https://openreview.net/forum? id=rWSiBknwQa

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.661998Z

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Observation 45f7fa4b-d156-4713-b50b-e709348b29e2 · outbound

This paper cites The threat of analytic flexibility in using large language models to simulate human data.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms The threat of analytic flexibility in using large language models to simulate human data

Reference 17

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Observation 6998d5ed-de54-4880-a366-acf3b8c0948f · outbound

This paper cites From pretraining data to language models to downstream tasks: Tracking the trails of political biases leading to unfair NLP models.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms From pretraining data to language models to downstream tasks: Tracking the trails of political biases leading to unfair NLP models

Reference 18

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Observation 4b3ad961-2d48-4e00-bfb6-691b83cfd0a2 · outbound

This paper cites Santurkar,et al., Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)(2023).

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Santurkar,et al., Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)(2023)

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.620577Z

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This paper cites Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts

Reference 20

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Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

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Observation f99026ee-6a36-4f57-89ca-b550dd3a4af5 · outbound

This paper cites Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking

Reference 23

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Observation c2671147-3e73-4731-a7a4-c1e0c6adf307 · outbound

This paper cites Mittelstadt, S.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Mittelstadt, S

Reference 24

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This paper cites Angelopoulos, Stephen Bates, Clara Fannjiang, Michael I.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Angelopoulos, Stephen Bates, Clara Fannjiang, Michael I

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.250461Z

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Observation 2925fb22-9143-4a2e-8ae5-6e14fe32d718 · outbound

This paper cites Egami, M.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Egami, M

Reference 26

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This paper cites Ludwig, S.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Ludwig, S

Reference 27

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Observation 03d22312-edf5-4588-b39c-b3be53d9c890 · outbound

This paper cites This human study did not involve human subjects: Validat- ing llm simulations as behavioral evidence.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms This human study did not involve human subjects: Validat- ing llm simulations as behavioral evidence

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.309463Z

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This paper cites Alvero, D.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Alvero, D

Reference 29

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

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Observation cf9d50f3-5198-42a5-934e-ea77ccae5556 · outbound

This paper cites Here the GPT made a choice, and every choice can be biased.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Here the GPT made a choice, and every choice can be biased

Reference 31

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This paper cites Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell

Reference 32

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

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Observation adf0f374-0247-42eb-8e6a-c855d7a43f93 · outbound

This paper cites Krpan, B.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Krpan, B

Reference 34

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Observation a2537a33-79fe-4ac8-bf0e-5e585311c0bd · outbound

This paper cites Halterman, K.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Halterman, K

Reference 35

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Observation 587a5306-f780-400c-a580-4b910c921333 · outbound

This paper cites Rouhani,et al., Collective Events and Individual Affect Shape Autobiographical Memory.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Rouhani,et al., Collective Events and Individual Affect Shape Autobiographical Memory

Reference 36

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.643834Z

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Observation d2f78336-683f-4c2e-b197-84dffb6a31c9 · outbound

This paper cites Halterman, K.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Halterman, K

Reference 37

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This paper cites doi:10.1609/icwsm.v19i1.35807.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms doi:10.1609/icwsm.v19i1.35807

Reference 38

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.313234Z

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Observation c205bfdb-cf08-4e47-9a12-c40d0e3f9da0 · outbound

This paper cites Sumanathilaka, N.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Sumanathilaka, N

Reference 39

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Observation ed2f612f-1835-490c-88c4-99f811d91ed5 · outbound

This paper cites Le Mens, B.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Le Mens, B

Reference 40

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Observation 9f078f8f-1b87-4f15-af00-36609d5ad272 · outbound

This paper cites Kunwoo Lee, Jiyoung Park, Sunyoung Choi, and Chungjoon Lee.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Kunwoo Lee, Jiyoung Park, Sunyoung Choi, and Chungjoon Lee

Reference 41

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.272068Z

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Observation 68eda360-f768-4679-9b6d-36a1c4d5c800 · outbound

This paper cites doi: 10.1017/pan.2024.5.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms doi: 10.1017/pan.2024.5

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.279452Z

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This paper cites Messick, Validity, inEducational Measurement, R.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Messick, Validity, inEducational Measurement, R

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.625772Z

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Observation 77d93b76-f542-425a-80c9-a6a0523a2060 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.633605Z

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Observation be55026a-37a5-4653-befd-af756469931d · outbound

This paper cites Messick, Validity and washback in language testing.Language testing13(3), 241–256 (1996).

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Messick, Validity and washback in language testing.Language testing13(3), 241–256 (1996)

Reference 45

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.635681Z

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Observation 766ed288-f8f5-446b-adcb-2c9fd645c2ed · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.270403Z

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Observation 02c98f62-08b3-49fe-b557-99860c9b5732 · outbound

This paper cites Communication Games: Modelling Language Evolution through Dyadic Agent Interactions.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Communication Games: Modelling Language Evolution through Dyadic Agent Interactions

Reference 47

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.246939Z

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This paper cites The “problem” of human label variation: On ground truth in data, modeling and evaluation.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms The “problem” of human label variation: On ground truth in data, modeling and evaluation

Reference 48

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.289014Z

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Observation d24d67e5-7748-48b1-a646-5d602eaee13f · outbound

This paper cites Computational Linguistics 34(4), 555–596 (2008).

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Computational Linguistics 34(4), 555–596 (2008)

Reference 49

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.303532Z

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Observation 436b7562-2b92-4c19-b631-960358823f38 · outbound

This paper cites Goertz,Social science concepts and measurement: New and completely revised edition (Princeton University Press) (2020).

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Goertz,Social science concepts and measurement: New and completely revised edition (Princeton University Press) (2020)

Reference 50

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.660183Z

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Observation d249c195-7972-40d3-9687-7dc105d8af7e · outbound

This paper cites Grimmer, S.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Grimmer, S

Reference 51

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.628996Z

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Observation 2ab8c62e-8b36-4bd0-b4e6-8baea8a4e3b5 · outbound

This paper cites Feuerriegel,et al., A reporting checklist for large language models in behavioural science.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Feuerriegel,et al., A reporting checklist for large language models in behavioural science

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Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.274445Z

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Observation 7007b5d1-3d5d-4ff1-8134-704cb46f28a2 · outbound

This paper cites The Oxford handbook of self-determination the- ory, 124–138 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780197600047.001.0001 20.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms The Oxford handbook of self-determination the- ory, 124–138 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780197600047.001.0001 20

Reference 53

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.266844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 4adf1ba1-581b-462e-bfe3-76e6505d2377 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 54

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.253080Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 02c18855-d75f-49c8-9078-99fb32484b02 · outbound

This paper cites Measurement in the Age of LLMs: An Application to Ideological Scaling.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Measurement in the Age of LLMs: An Application to Ideological Scaling

Reference 55

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.299452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 786a113a-dd55-489a-b4ff-e4427bd8d7c4 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Can Be Used to Estimate the Latent Positions of Politicians.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Large Language Models Can Be Used to Estimate the Latent Positions of Politicians

Reference 56

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.317681Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 45c9701d-bca9-4b8e-ab58-d0219b4489e1 · outbound

This paper cites Halterman, Synthetically Generated Text for Supervised Text Analysis.Political Analysis 33(3), 181–194 (2025), doi:10.1017/pan.2024.31.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Halterman, Synthetically Generated Text for Supervised Text Analysis.Political Analysis 33(3), 181–194 (2025), doi:10.1017/pan.2024.31

Reference 57

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.255079Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 625f826e-bdca-47b1-ad95-db8d050e5887 · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligence and illusions of understanding in scientific research.Nature, 627(8002):49–58.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Artificial intelligence and illusions of understanding in scientific research.Nature, 627(8002):49–58

Reference 58

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.305201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation ff425c20-4cec-4fd6-80cb-59f627f8b15b · outbound

This paper cites Nadeem, U.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Nadeem, U

Reference 59

Resolution: malformed identifier; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.391120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 40bd1577-1588-4a75-99e6-a97324588cd5 · outbound

This paper cites How Deep Is Representational Bias in LLMs? The Cases of Caste and Religion.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms How Deep Is Representational Bias in LLMs? The Cases of Caste and Religion

Reference 60

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.296790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 143397bb-94ab-45f0-87f1-709cb64db9d4 · outbound

This paper cites Di Leo, C.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Di Leo, C

Reference 61

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.642028Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b4df41b6-c12e-470c-9946-10275061c7a2 · outbound

This paper cites Z ¨oller,et al., Human–AI Collectives Most Accurately Diagnose Clinical Vignettes.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Z ¨oller,et al., Human–AI Collectives Most Accurately Diagnose Clinical Vignettes

Reference 62

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.264132Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 86ca63b7-ef60-4c92-b9dc-001b88ed70c1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.637253Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 7f631734-52f1-402e-90fa-9aa58b80f179 · outbound

This paper cites Busby, Nancy Fulda, Joshua R.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Busby, Nancy Fulda, Joshua R

Reference 64

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.314951Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 08357f54-3412-45e8-add8-82505f8dda3e · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the National Academy of Scienceshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412015122 (2025) doi:10.1073/pnas.2412015122.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Proceedings of the National Academy of Scienceshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412015122 (2025) doi:10.1073/pnas.2412015122

Reference 65

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.306923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 266d888e-bbc1-465c-8213-794bfe5351e7 · outbound

This paper cites Barrie, A.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Barrie, A

Reference 66

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.655300Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 91b0ffb3-20d5-4a1f-9f4a-ef04cbe2b8ae · outbound

This paper cites Heseltine, H.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Heseltine, H

Reference 67

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.292187Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

correction dated 2026-03-25. Source: crossref record 10.1111/ajps.70042->10.1111/ajps.12944:correction, observed 2026-07-11T02:55:46.433555+00:00. This notice travels one citation hop only.

Observation 2529f273-f0ab-4923-95bc-129b37b1b5c9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Unresolved cited work

Reference 68

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.276128Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b5a8ca2b-1b67-45bf-80ae-2677d305c3ae · outbound

This paper cites Dillion, N.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms Dillion, N

Reference 69

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.283998Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 3d8b1735-85d9-46ff-9cd0-e4bfa760b57b · outbound

This paper cites not reported.

Validating LLMs in social science: Epistemic threats and emerging norms not reported

Reference 70

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-07-10T15:37:20.321082Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

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Outbound references

Pith citing papers