Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 6 minor 300 references

EP250905a is best explained as a mildly off-axis structured-jet afterglow at redshift 2.714, with possible weak lensing by a foreground galaxy.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

T0 review · grok-4.5

2026-07-10 13:14 UTC pith:IWOU6HWZ

load-bearing objection Solid multi-wavelength package on a new EP FXT; the high-z structured-jet story is the cleanest reading of the data once G2 is adopted, but that host choice remains statistical and the afterglow fit is under-constrained. the 2 major comments →

arxiv 2607.08090 v1 pith:IWOU6HWZ submitted 2026-07-09 astro-ph.HE

Multi-wavelength Constraints on the Transient EP250905a

J. Quirola-Vasquez , P. G. Jonker , A. Levan , D. B. Malesani , F. E. Bauer , A. Martin-Carrillo , G. Corcoran , D. Mata Sanchez
show 25 more authors
R. A. J. Eyles-Ferris F. Carotenuto M. Ravasio J. Sanchez-Sierras J. Bright J. A. Chacon L. Cotter F. J. Cowie N. Sarin M. A. P. Torres J. N. D. van Dalen A. P. C. van Hoof V. D'Elia P. Jakobsson N. Habeeb S. Kobayashi A. Saccardi M. De Pasquale D. Xu Y. H. Cheng R. D. Liang H. Sun Y. Wang W. Yuan W. D. Zhang
This is my paper
classification astro-ph.HE PACS 98.70.Rz95.85.Nv98.62.Sb
keywords fast X-ray transientsEinstein Probegamma-ray burst afterglowsstructured jetsgravitational lensingmulti-wavelength follow-uphost galaxies
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Fast X-ray transients can come from many different explosions, so each new Einstein Probe event needs multi-wavelength follow-up to pin down its origin. For EP250905a the team collected X-ray, optical, near-infrared and radio data from hours to months after the trigger. They find a rapidly fading X-ray signal, one early optical detection that then disappears, and no near-infrared or radio counterpart. Two galaxies lie near the position: a bright one at z=0.374 and a fainter one at z=2.714. Chance-alignment statistics and the luminosities that follow once each redshift is adopted both favor the higher-redshift galaxy as the host. With that redshift, the broadband light curves match an afterglow from a mildly off-axis structured jet, and the angular offset from the lower-redshift galaxy leaves room for modest gravitational magnification.

Core claim

The multi-wavelength properties of EP250905a are best explained as afterglow emission from a mildly off-axis structured jet at redshift z=2.714. That single interpretation simultaneously accounts for the steep-then-shallow X-ray decay, the early optical detection that fades below later limits, the non-detections in the near-infrared and radio, and the possibility of weak lensing by the foreground galaxy G1.

What carries the argument

A Gaussian structured-jet afterglow model (fitted with redback at fixed z=2.714, electron index p=2.6 and standard microphysical parameters) that returns a mildly off-axis viewing angle together with a singular-isothermal-sphere lens estimate for the foreground galaxy that yields moderate magnification μ≈3.9.

Load-bearing premise

That the fainter, higher-redshift galaxy is the true host, based mainly on a lower chance of random alignment and the fact that the resulting luminosities then look normal for a jet afterglow.

What would settle it

A secure spectroscopic redshift of the optical counterpart itself, or a later detection of a supernova or radio afterglow that is only consistent with one of the two candidate host redshifts.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper presents multi-wavelength observations (EP-WXT/FXT, Swift-XRT, GTC/OSIRIS+, NOT, LCO, Liverpool, ALT100C, VLT/X-shooter, MeerKAT, Fermi-GBM) of the Einstein Probe fast X-ray transient EP250905a. An early optical counterpart is detected at mi = 23.23 ± 0.18 (GTC E1) and fades rapidly; no NIR or radio counterpart is found. Two nearby galaxies are spectroscopically redshifted (G1 at z = 0.374; G2 at z = 2.714). Chance-alignment probabilities and multi-wavelength consistency lead the authors to adopt G2 as the host. At z = 2.714 the X-ray light curve shows a steep early decay followed by a shallow phase, β_OX ≈ −0.8, and a redback Gaussian structured-jet afterglow model yields a mildly off-axis solution (θ_observer ≈ 5.7°, θ_core ≈ 3.4°). Weak lensing by G1 (θ_E ≈ 1.9″, μ ≈ 3.9) is considered but not required. The low-z (G1) solution is disfavored because the luminosities become anomalously faint and standard transient classes are excluded.

Significance. EP is delivering ~100 FXTs per year; secure multi-wavelength classifications remain rare. This work supplies carefully reduced photometry, spectra, and upper limits (Tables F.1–F.3), a clear temporal break, and a broadband SED, and places EP250905a in the context of long-GRB afterglows at moderate redshift. The explicit comparison of both host candidates and the quantitative (if uncertain) lensing estimate are useful. The afterglow modeling uses a public library (redback) with documented priors and posteriors (Table D.1, Fig. D.1). If the high-z host association holds, the event adds a well-observed, possibly weakly lensed, mildly off-axis afterglow to the growing EP sample.

major comments (2)
  1. Sect. 3.2 and 4.1: Host association with G2 rests on P_ch ≈ (3–6)×10⁻⁴ versus 6×10⁻³ for G1 and a 0.27″ offset; no absorption or emission feature is detected at the transient position itself. The central claim (mildly off-axis structured jet at z = 2.714) is viable only once this redshift is adopted. At z_G1 = 0.374 the same data become anomalously faint and most standard classes are ruled out (Sect. 4.2). The manuscript should state more explicitly that the physical classification is conditional on the statistical host preference, quantify the residual probability that G1 is the host, and present the low-z solution as a fully developed alternative rather than a brief dismissal.
  2. Sect. 4.2, Fig. 10 and Table D.1: The redback Gaussian-jet fit freezes p = 2.6, log ε_e = −0.66, log ε_B = −2.0 and ξ_N = 1, leaving only a handful of free parameters against a sparse detection set (one optical point, two X-ray detections, many upper limits). The resulting θ_observer and θ_core are consistent with both mildly off-axis and on-axis geometries within the quoted uncertainties. The paper already notes the limited constraints; it should either (i) explore a modest grid over the frozen microphysical parameters or (ii) rephrase the conclusion as “consistent with a structured-jet afterglow” rather than “best explained as a mildly off-axis structured jet,” so that the claim does not outrun the data.
minor comments (6)
  1. Abstract and Introduction: “high-energy suggested origins” is ungrammatical; rephrase to “high-energy events with suggested origins ranging from…”.
  2. Fig. 1 caption and text: T90 is reported as a lower limit because the observation was interrupted; make this explicit in the abstract/results summary as well.
  3. Sect. 2.1.2: The boresight-corrected EP-FXT position and the ~6.58″ offset relative to Wang et al. (2025) are important; a short note on how this affects earlier optical candidate claims would help the reader.
  4. Sect. 4.3: The SIS lensing calculation yields μ = 3.9+5.7−1.4; the large asymmetric uncertainty should be carried into any statement that the emission “might be moderately magnified.”
  5. Table F.1: Several upper limits are listed without specifying the aperture or PSF-matching details used after HOTPANTS subtraction; a one-sentence note would aid reproducibility.
  6. Fig. 6–8: Rest-frame comparisons assume z = 2.714; a parenthetical reminder in each caption would avoid confusion if a reader is still considering the low-z solution.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No load-bearing circularity; host choice is statistical plus consistency check, and the redback afterglow fit is ordinary parameter estimation on new data.

full rationale

The paper's central claim (mildly off-axis structured-jet afterglow at z=2.714) rests on two independent inputs: (i) the Bloom et al. (2002) chance-alignment probabilities that already favor G2 by ~1 dex, and (ii) a standard external afterglow library (redback Gaussian-jet model) whose free parameters are sampled against the new multi-wavelength photometry while several microphysical parameters are fixed to literature values or to the observed β_OX. Neither step reduces by construction to its own output. The low-z alternative is examined and disfavored on energetic grounds, which is ordinary model comparison rather than a circular loop. Self-citations to prior EP papers supply context only and are not invoked as uniqueness theorems that force the present interpretation. Lensing magnification is presented as optional and non-decisive. Consequently the derivation chain is self-contained against external benchmarks and scores at most 1.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

5 free parameters · 4 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard cosmological and afterglow assumptions plus a small set of free parameters fitted to sparse multi-band data; no new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (5)
  • θ_observer (viewing angle) = 5.7^{+1.7}_{-1.1} deg
    Fitted in the redback Gaussian-jet model; posterior 5.7^{+1.7}_{-1.1} deg drives the mildly off-axis conclusion.
  • log E_K,iso = 52.02^{+0.13}_{-0.14}
    Isotropic kinetic energy fitted to the afterglow light curves.
  • θ_core, θ_edge = θ_core=3.4±1.1 deg, θ_edge=6.9^{+2.9}_{-2.3} deg
    Jet core and wing angles fitted; control whether the line of sight is inside or outside the core.
  • log n_ISM, Γ_0 = log n ≈ −0.07, Γ_0 ≈ 346
    Circumburst density and initial Lorentz factor fitted under the constant-ISM assumption.
  • σ (G1 velocity dispersion) = 300±50 km s^{-1}
    Fitted with BAGPIPES to the G1 spectrum and used to compute the Einstein radius for the lensing calculation.
axioms (4)
  • domain assumption ΛCDM cosmology with H0=67.66 km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}, Ω_Λ=0.69
    Used throughout for luminosity distances and k-corrections (Sect. 1).
  • domain assumption Standard external-shock synchrotron afterglow in the slow-cooling regime with fixed microphysical parameters p=2.6, log ε_e=−0.66, log ε_B=−2.0, ξ_N=1
    Adopted for the redback modeling (Sect. 4.2); several parameters are frozen because of sparse detections.
  • domain assumption Singular isothermal sphere mass profile for the foreground galaxy G1
    Used to convert velocity dispersion into Einstein radius and magnification (Sect. 4.3).
  • domain assumption Chance-alignment probability formalism of Bloom et al. (2002)
    Used to prefer G2 over G1 as host (Sect. 3.2).

pith-pipeline@v1.1.0-grok45 · 35255 in / 2872 out tokens · 32037 ms · 2026-07-10T13:14:32.552504+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

Fast X-ray transients (FXTs) are a diverse class of high-energy suggested origins, ranging from stellar explosions to compact object mergers. The Einstein Probe (EP) satellite discovers approximately 100 FXTs per year. We aim to constrain the physical origin of EP250905a. We analyze X-ray, optical, near-infrared (NIR), and radio temporal and spectral properties of EP250905a. In addition, we assess the possible role of weak gravitational lensing in shaping its observed characteristics. EP250905a fades rapidly in X-rays, and we detect no NIR or radio emission, but we detect early optical emission that rapidly fades beyond the detection limits. Two nearby galaxies are identified for which we derive spectroscopic redshifts of $z=0.374$ (G1) and $z=2.714$ (G2). Our analysis favors G2 as the host of the FXT EP250905a. The angular separation of 2.56\arcsec\, between the FXT's optical counterpart and the center of the G1 galaxy suggests the emission of the FXT might be moderately magnified by lensing effects ($\mu\approx3.9$) given the inferred Einstein radius of G1 ($\theta_E\approx1.9$ arcsec). The data are best explained as an afterglow from a mildly off-axis structured jet at $z=2.714$, providing a consistent broadband interpretation that also allows for weakly lensed emission of EP250905a.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.08090 by A. Levan, A. Martin-Carrillo, A. P. C. van Hoof, A. Saccardi, D. B. Malesani, D. Mata Sanchez, D. Xu, F. Carotenuto, F. E. Bauer, F. J. Cowie, G. Corcoran, H. Sun, J. A. Chacon, J. Bright, J. N. D. van Dalen, J. Quirola-Vasquez, J. Sanchez-Sierras, L. Cotter, M. A. P. Torres, M. De Pasquale, M. Ravasio, N. Habeeb, N. Sarin, P. G. Jonker, P. Jakobsson, R. A. J. Eyles-Ferris, R. D. Liang, S. Kobayashi, V. D'Elia, W. D. Zhang, W. Yuan, Y. H. Cheng, Y. Wang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Top panel: 0.5–4 keV background-subtracted light curve of EP250905a obtained by the EP-WXT instrument. Time is in seconds, and the bin size is 5 s. The uncertainties are at 1σ using the Kraft et al. 1991 statistic. Bottom panel: cumulative distri￾bution function (CDF) of the counts detected by EP-WXT. The T90 duration of 195.4 +22.6 −12.4 sec. is indicated by the vertical dashed lines. The observation was … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Combined EP-FXTA and FXTB image of EP250905a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Top panels: From left to right, we show our four GTC/OSIRIS+ i-band observations centered on the EP-FXT position (dashed circle). The time since T0 in days is indicated in the panels. Bottom panels: Difference images derived using the HOTPANTS software suite, where we subtracted the last epoch (rightmost panel of the above row), also known as the template image, from the first three observations (E4). In t… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Left panels: g-band (top) and i-band (bottom) HSC images (Tanaka et al. 2021) of the field of EP250905a. The two host galaxy candidates are labeled as G1 and G2; the orientation of the 1′′ wide GTC/OSIRIS+ slit is marked with a white￾dotted rectangle. The position of the optical counterpart (see Sect. 3.1) is denoted by red tick marks. Right panels: GTC￾OSIRIS+ R1000R/R1000B optical spectrum of host galaxy… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The 0.3-10 keV X-ray light curve of EP250905a. The first [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The subtraction E1−E4 reveals a significant residual within the EP-FXT error region, with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼ 5.9. The source is located at RAopt J2000 = 00h17m48s .00, Decopt J2000 = +37◦28′19′′ .6, with an astrometric uncertainty of ≈ 0 ′′ .1, estimated using SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). The transient has an AB magnitude of mi = 23.23 ± 0.18, cali￾brated against Pan-STARRS. We independent… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: i-band light curve comparison of EP250905a and a sam￾ple of transients, such as long and short GRBs (Kann et al. 2006, 2010, 2011; Nicuesa Guelbenzu et al. 2012; Kann et al. 2024), the SN SBO event XRF 080109/SN 2008D, the X-ray flashes XRF 100316D/SN 2010bh and SN 2006aj/XRF 060218, the broad-line Ic SN 1998bw (Clocchiatti et al. 2011), the LFBOT AT2018cow (Xiang et al. 2021), the jetted TDEs AT2022cmc an… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: X-ray light curve of EP250905a (0.3–10 keV) com [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: The optical to X-ray spectral energy distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Multi-wavelength best fit of EP250905a, using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_10.png] view at source ↗

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 300 canonical work pages · 160 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Late-time Evolution of Afterglows from Off-Axis Neutron-Star Mergers

    Late-time evolution of afterglows from off-axis neutron star mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2196 , archivePrefix =. 1806.03843 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2196

  2. [2]

    Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVI , year = 2007, editor =

    CASA Architecture and Applications. Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVI , year = 2007, editor =

    work page 2007

  3. [3]

    CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy

    CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac9642 , archivePrefix =. 2210.02276 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac9642

  4. [4]

    CubiCal - Fast radio interferometric calibration suite exploiting complex optimisation

    CUBICAL - fast radio interferometric calibration suite exploiting complex optimization. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1221 , archivePrefix =. 1805.03410 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1221

  5. [5]

    Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. II. The Relativistic Jet Shuts Off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152 , archivePrefix =. 1212.1173 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/2/152

  6. [6]

    Discovery of an outflow from radio observations of the tidal disruption event ASASSN-14li

    Discovery of an Outflow from Radio Observations of the Tidal Disruption Event ASASSN-14li. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L25 , archivePrefix =. 1510.01226 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/l25 2041

  7. [7]

    Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. III. Late-time Jet Energetics and a Deviation from Equipartition. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8e0 , archivePrefix =. 1710.07289 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8e0

  8. [8]

    Strongly Lensed Transient Sources: A Review

    Strongly Lensed Transient Sources: A Review. Chinese Physics Letters , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0256-307X/39/11/119801 , archivePrefix =. 2207.13489 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0256-307x/39/11/119801

  9. [9]

    Lectures on Gravitational Lensing

    Lectures on Gravitational Lensing. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9606001 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9606001 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9606001

  10. [10]

    doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03758-4 , adsurl =

    Gravitational Lenses. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03758-4 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03758-4

  11. [11]

    Evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole from a gravitationally lensed gamma-ray burst

    Evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole from a gravitationally lensed gamma-ray burst. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01307-1 , archivePrefix =. 2103.15414 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01307-1

  12. [12]

    A search for gravitationally lensed supernovae within the Zwicky Transient Facility public survey

    A search for gravitationally lensed supernovae within the Zwicky transient facility public survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2263 , archivePrefix =. 2303.15439 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2263

  13. [13]

    A Gravitationally Lensed Supernova with an Observable Two-Decade Time Delay

    A gravitationally lensed supernova with an observable two-decade time delay. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9 , archivePrefix =. 2106.08935 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9

  14. [14]

    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

    Gravitational lensing in gamma-ray bursts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0122 , archivePrefix =. 2503.19977 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0122 2024

  15. [15]

    Real-time processing of the imaging data from the network of Las Cumbres Observatory Telescopes using BANZAI

    Real-time processing of the imaging data from the network of Las Cumbres Observatory Telescopes using BANZAI. Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy V , year = 2018, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.2314340 , archivePrefix =. 1811.04163 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1117/12.2314340 2018

  16. [16]

    Ground-based Telescopes , year = 2004, editor =

    The Liverpool Telescope: performance and first results. Ground-based Telescopes , year = 2004, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.551456 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1117/12.551456 2004

  17. [17]

    nessai: Nested sampling with artificial intelligence

    work page

  18. [18]

    Reverse Shocks in the Relativistic Outflows of Gravitational Wave Detected Neutron Star Binary Mergers

    Reverse shocks in the relativistic outflows of gravitational wave-detected neutron star binary mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2252 , archivePrefix =. 1903.03320 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2252 1903

  19. [19]

    Radiation Detection Technology and Methods , keywords =

    Data reduction and processing for the Follow-up X-ray Telescope onboard Einstein Probe. Radiation Detection Technology and Methods , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s41605-025-00526-8 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1007/s41605-025-00526-8

  20. [20]

    Magnetic Fields In Relativistic Collisionless Shocks

    Magnetic Fields in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/29 , archivePrefix =. 1309.3277 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/785/1/29

  21. [21]

    Swift Identification of Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts

    Swift Identification of Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/427089 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0411036 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/427089

  22. [22]

    Decadal pre-explosion activity and circumstellar interaction in a supernova

    Decadal pre-explosion activity and circumstellar interaction in a supernova. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.10009 , archivePrefix =. 2606.10009 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.10009

  23. [23]

    Pinning Down the Geometry of the Type Ic Broad-Line Supernova 2026gzf

    Pinning Down the Geometry of the Type Ic Broad-Line Supernova 2026gzf. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.18881 , archivePrefix =. 2606.18881 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18881

  24. [24]

    EP260321a/SN 2026gzf: The Faintest Shock Breakout Associated with a Broad-Lined Supernova

    EP260321a/SN 2026gzf: The Faintest Shock Breakout Associated with a Broad-Lined Supernova. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.09992 , archivePrefix =. 2606.09992 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.09992

  25. [25]

    A Multi-Wavelength View of the First Type Ic-BL Supernova with an Einstein Probe X-ray Shock Breakout

    A Multi-Wavelength View of the First Type Ic-BL Supernova with an Einstein Probe X-ray Shock Breakout. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.10011 , archivePrefix =. 2606.10011 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.10011

  26. [26]

    Failed jet breakout in the metal-poor broad-lined type Ic supernova 2026gzf

    Failed jet breakout in the metal-poor broad-lined type Ic supernova 2026gzf. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.10002 , archivePrefix =. 2606.10002 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.10002

  27. [27]

    X-rays breaking out of pre-explosion ejecta mark a supernova's first light

    Thermal X-rays breaking out from pre-explosion ejecta of a dying massive star. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2606.10014 , archivePrefix =. 2606.10014 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.10014

  28. [28]

    , keywords =

    Gamma-ray burst efficiency and possible physical processes shaping the early afterglow. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10280.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0601054 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10280.x 2006

  29. [29]

    Impulsive and Varying Injection in GRB Afterglows

    Impulsive and Varying Injection in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312689 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0003406 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/312689

  30. [30]

    , keywords =

    Evidence for chromatic X-ray light-curve breaks in Swift gamma-ray burst afterglows and their theoretical implications. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10453.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0604105 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10453.x 2006

  31. [31]

    Lucas and Zhang, Bing and Hascoët, Romain and Daigne, Frédéric and Mochkovitch, Robert and Park, Il H

    Uhm, Z. Lucas and Zhang, Bing and Hascoët, Romain and Daigne, Frédéric and Mochkovitch, Robert and Park, Il H. , title =. 2012 , month =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/147 , url =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/147 2012

  32. [32]

    HEAsoft: Unified Release of FTOOLS and XANADU

    work page

  33. [33]

    Ground Calibration Result of the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy

    Ground calibration result of the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy. Experimental Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10686-024-09932-0 , archivePrefix =. 2312.06964 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s10686-024-09932-0

  34. [34]

    Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910 , archivePrefix =. 1807.06209 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910 2018

  35. [35]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = mar, volume =

    EP250321a: VLT/X-shooter redshift z = 4.368. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = mar, volume =

    work page 2025

  36. [36]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2026, month = jan, volume =

    EP260119A: GTC/OSIRIS+ spectroscopic redshift z = 5.47. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2026, month = jan, volume =

    work page 2026

  37. [37]

    Science Bulletin , keywords =

    A fast powerful X-ray transient from possible tidal disruption of a white dwarf. Science Bulletin , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2025.12.050 , archivePrefix =. 2509.25877 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.scib.2025.12.050 2025

  38. [38]

    The day-long, repeating GRB 250702BDE / EP250702a: A unique extragalactic transient

    The Day-long, Repeating GRB 250702B: A Unique Extragalactic Transient. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adf8e1 , archivePrefix =. 2507.14286 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adf8e1 2041

  39. [39]

    , keywords =

    JWST and HST Observations of the Host Galaxy and Supernova SN 2024aihh in EP240801a at z = 1.67. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae28db , archivePrefix =. 2512.11572 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae28db 2041

  40. [40]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = mar, volume =

    EP250304a: TRT optical counterpart detection. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = mar, volume =

    work page 2025

  41. [41]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = jan, volume =

    EP250108a: Liverpool Telescope likely optical counterpart. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = jan, volume =

    work page 2025

  42. [42]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = aug, volume =

    EP240806a: GSP optical counterpart detection. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = aug, volume =

    work page 2024

  43. [43]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = apr, volume =

    EP240414a: Kinder optical counterpart candidate possibly associated with the galaxy SDSS J124601.99-094309.3. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = apr, volume =

    work page 2024

  44. [44]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = mar, volume =

    AT2024eju: followup observations with Liverpool Telescope suggest a fading transient. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = mar, volume =

    work page 2024

  45. [45]

    The Radio and X-ray Luminous Type Ibc Supernova 2003L

    The Radio and X-Ray-Luminous Type Ibc Supernova 2003L. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/427649 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0410163 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/427649

  46. [46]

    SN 2007bg: The Complex Circumstellar Environment Around One of the Most Radio-Luminous Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernovae

    SN 2007bg: the complex circumstellar medium around one of the most radio-luminous broad-lined Type Ic supernovae. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts104 , archivePrefix =. 1208.3455 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sts104

  47. [47]

    , keywords =

    Radio Supernovae. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/163944 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/163944

  48. [48]

    , keywords =

    JWST Spectroscopy of GRB 250702B: An Extremely Rare and Exceptionally Energetic Burst in a Dusty, Massive Galaxy at z = 1.036. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae2ed9 , archivePrefix =. 2509.22778 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae2ed9 2041

  49. [49]

    Updates to the Fermi GBM Targeted Sub-threshold Search in Preparation for the Third Observing Run of LIGO/Virgo

    Updates to the Fermi GBM Targeted Sub-threshold Search in Preparation for the Third Observing Run of LIGO/Virgo. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1903.12597 , archivePrefix =. 1903.12597 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.12597 1903

  50. [50]

    , year = 1998, month = oct, volume =

    Radio emission from the unusual supernova 1998bw and its association with the -ray burst of 25 April 1998. , year = 1998, month = oct, volume =. doi:10.1038/27139 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1038/27139 1998

  51. [51]

    A Relativistic Type Ibc Supernova Without a Detected Gamma-ray Burst

    A relativistic type Ibc supernova without a detected -ray burst. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature08714 , archivePrefix =. 0908.2817 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/nature08714

  52. [52]

    A Common Origin for Cosmic Explosions Inferred from Fireball Calorimetry

    A common origin for cosmic explosions inferred from calorimetry of GRB030329. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature01998 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0308187 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/nature01998

  53. [53]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2012, month = jan, volume =

    GRB111209A: ATCA detection at 5.5, 9, and 18GHz. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2012, month = jan, volume =

    work page 2012

  54. [54]

    The Afterglow of GRB 130427A from 1 to 10^16 GHz

    The Afterglow of GRB 130427A from 1 to 10 ^ 16 GHz. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/781/1/37 , archivePrefix =. 1307.4401 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/781/1/37

  55. [55]

    A Comprehensive Radio View of the Extremely Bright Gamma-Ray Burst 130427A

    A comprehensive radio view of the extremely bright gamma-ray burst 130427A. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1664 , archivePrefix =. 1404.1945 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1664 1945

  56. [56]

    A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy

    A Mildly Relativistic Outflow from the Energetic, Fast-rising Blue Optical Transient CSS161010 in a Dwarf Galaxy. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7 , archivePrefix =. 2003.10503 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7 2041

  57. [57]

    Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems III , year = 2010, editor =

    The X-shooter pipeline. Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems III , year = 2010, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.857211 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1117/12.857211 2010

  58. [58]

    X-shooter, the new wide band intermediate resolution spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope

    X-shooter, the new wide band intermediate resolution spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117752 , archivePrefix =. 1110.1944 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117752 1944

  59. [59]

    BATSE Observations of Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra. I. Spectral Diversity. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/172995 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/172995

  60. [60]

    , keywords =

    Properties of Relativistic Jets in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/340094 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/340094

  61. [61]

    On the electron energy distribution index of Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

    On the Electron Energy Distribution Index of Swift Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/716/2/L135 , archivePrefix =. 0908.0891 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/2041-8205/716/2/l135 2041

  62. [62]

    The Koala: A Fast Blue Optical Transient with Luminous Radio Emission from a Starburst Dwarf Galaxy at $z=0.27$

    The Koala: A Fast Blue Optical Transient with Luminous Radio Emission from a Starburst Dwarf Galaxy at z = 0.27. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8bcf , archivePrefix =. 2003.01222 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8bcf 2003

  63. [63]

    WSClean: an implementation of a fast, generic wide-field imager for radio astronomy

    WSCLEAN: an implementation of a fast, generic wide-field imager for radio astronomy. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1368 , archivePrefix =. 1407.1943 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1368 1943

  64. [64]

    oxkat: Semi-automated imaging of MeerKAT observations

    work page

  65. [65]

    Proper image subtraction - optimal transient detection, photometry and hypothesis testing

    Proper Image Subtraction Optimal Transient Detection, Photometry, and Hypothesis Testing. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/27 , archivePrefix =. 1601.02655 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/830/1/27

  66. [66]

    HOTPANTS: High Order Transform of PSF ANd Template Subtraction

    work page

  67. [67]

    , keywords =

    Unveiling the nature of the Einstein Probe transient EP241021a. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2064 , archivePrefix =. 2511.13314 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2064

  68. [68]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: refined analysis of the EP-WXT and EP-FXT observations. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  69. [69]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: Liverpool Telescope i-band upper limits. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  70. [70]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: Liverpool Telescope observations. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  71. [71]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: FTW one optical and multiple NIR counterpart candidates. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  72. [72]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: Global MASTER-Net observations report. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  73. [73]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: JinShan likely optical counterpart detection. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  74. [74]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    EP250905a: Einstein Probe detection of an X-ray transient. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2025, month = sep, volume =

    work page 2025

  75. [75]

    Redback: A Bayesian inference software package for electromagnetic transients

    REDBACK: a Bayesian inference software package for electromagnetic transients. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1238 , archivePrefix =. 2308.12806 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1238

  76. [76]

    Multiple Sub-Jet Model of Gamma Ray Bursts and Possible Origin of X-ray Precursors and Post-cursors

    Multiple Sub-Jet Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Possible Origin of X-Ray Precursors and Postcursors. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312663 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0004008 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/312663

  77. [77]

    Variabilities of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Long-acting Engine, Anisotropic Jet or Many Fluctuating Regions?

    Variabilities of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Long-acting Engine, Anisotropic Jet, or Many Fluctuating Regions?. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/432567 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0409376 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/432567

  78. [78]

    The Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

    The Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. , keywords =. 2009. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 , archivePrefix =. 0812.0649 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 2009

  79. [79]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = oct, volume =

    EP241021a: TRT optical observations. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = oct, volume =

    work page 2024

  80. [80]

    GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = oct, volume =

    EP241021a: EP-FXT follow-up observation update. GRB Coordinates Network , year = 2024, month = oct, volume =

    work page 2024

Showing first 80 references.