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Understanding the Performance and Estimating the Cost of LLM Fine-Tuning

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arxiv 2408.04693 v1 pith:27PPBAVB submitted 2024-08-08 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords fine-tuningcostmodelperformancetrainingllmsmodelsruntime
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Due to the cost-prohibitive nature of training Large Language Models (LLMs), fine-tuning has emerged as an attractive alternative for specializing LLMs for specific tasks using limited compute resources in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, we characterize sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) based LLM fine-tuning to understand their accuracy and runtime performance on a single GPU. Our evaluation provides unique insights into the training efficacy of sparse and dense versions of MoE models, as well as their runtime characteristics, including maximum batch size, execution time breakdown, end-to-end throughput, GPU hardware utilization, and load distribution. Our study identifies the optimization of the MoE layer as crucial for further improving the performance of LLM fine-tuning. Using our profiling results, we also develop and validate an analytical model to estimate the cost of LLM fine-tuning on the cloud. This model, based on parameters of the model and GPU architecture, estimates LLM throughput and the cost of training, aiding practitioners in industry and academia to budget the cost of fine-tuning a specific model.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Energy- and Memory-Efficient PEFT Methods for Personalized On-Device SLMs on Consumer GPUs

    cs.CL 2026-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    On consumer GPUs, LoRA+ gives the best energy-focused fine-tuning score in 19 of 24 small-model task configurations, while QLoRA wins the memory-focused score when peak VRAM is the binding constraint.

  2. Edge-Deployable LLM Fine-Tuning on a Single GPU for Telecom Network Troubleshooting

    cs.DC 2026-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Single-GPU Unsloth SFT+RFT of 7–8B models is feasible for telecom edge troubleshooting once sequence length, GPU utilization, and chat-template handling are profiled per architecture.

  3. A Word is Worth 4-bit: Efficient Log Parsing with Binary Coded Decimal Recognition

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A 312k-parameter character-level log parser using 4-bit BCD encoding matches LLM-based parser accuracy at up to 20x higher throughput.

  4. Trust at Your Own Peril: A Mixed Methods Exploration of the Ability of Large Language Models to Generate Expert-Like Systems Engineering Artifacts and a Characterization of Failure Modes

    cs.CL 2025-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Closed-source LLMs can produce systems engineering artifact text that scores nearly identically to a human expert benchmark on MAUVE text similarity, but expert review of the best-scoring outputs reveals three failure...

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