Multiple conducting carriers generated in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures

We have found that there is more than one type of conducting carriers generated in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures by comparing the sheet carrier density and mobility from optical transmission spectroscopy with those from dc-transport measurements. When multiple types of carriers exist, optical characterization dominantly reflects the contribution from the high-density carriers whereas dc-transport measurements may exaggerate the contribution of the high-mobility carriers even though they are present at low-density. Since the low-temperature mobilities determined by dc-transport in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures are much higher than those extracted by optical method, we attribute the origin of high-mobility transport to the low-density conducting carriers.