pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.21222 · v1 · pith:52SJDOYOnew · submitted 2026-05-20 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-th

D⁰--D_s^+ elliptic-flow splitting from sequential hadronization in O--O collisions at sqrt{s_(NN)} = 5.36 TeV

Hui Du , Xiao-Wei Hao , Wei Dai , Jiaxing Zhao , Ben-Wei Zhang , Enke Wang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 04:01 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-th
keywords elliptic flowD0 mesonDs+ mesonsequential hadronizationquark-gluon plasmaheavy-ion collisionshadronization chronometeroxygen-oxygen collisions
0
0 comments X

The pith

Sequential hadronization assigns different formation temperatures to D0 and Ds+ mesons, producing a measurable elliptic-flow splitting that scales linearly with partonic flow in the 1.2 Tc to Tc window.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper investigates the elliptic-flow splitting between prompt D0 and Ds+ mesons in a heavy-quark transport model that incorporates sequential hadronization. Ds+ is taken to form at 1.2 Tc while D0 forms at Tc, which reproduces the observed ordering v2(D0) greater than v2(Ds+) and yields an enhanced Ds+/D0 ratio at low pT. The splitting in oxygen-oxygen collisions is smaller than in lead-lead collisions because the shorter 1.2 Tc to Tc evolution window competes with the initial geometric eccentricity. Across nine collision configurations the hadronic splitting shows a universal linear relation to the partonic flow increment accumulated in that temperature interval, so the splitting functions as a chronometer for when different mesons emerge from the quark-gluon plasma.

Core claim

In the sequential hadronization framework, Ds+ forms at 1.2 Tc and D0 at Tc. This produces v2(D0) greater than v2(Ds+), matching preliminary ALICE data, and an enhanced Ds+/D0 yield ratio at low pT. The hadronic splitting scales linearly with the partonic flow increment accumulated during the 1.2 Tc to Tc evolution window, establishing the D0-Ds+ flow splitting as a hadronization chronometer of the quark-gluon plasma.

What carries the argument

Sequential hadronization with Ds+ forming at 1.2 Tc and D0 forming at Tc, so that the observed hadronic elliptic-flow splitting directly tracks the partonic flow built up in the intervening temperature window.

If this is right

  • The splitting in O-O 0-20% collisions at 5.36 TeV is substantially smaller than in Pb-Pb 30-50% collisions.
  • The sequential scenario produces an enhanced Ds+/D0 yield ratio at low pT.
  • A universal linear scaling exists between the hadronic splitting and the partonic flow increment in the 1.2 Tc to Tc window.
  • The sequential scenario reproduces the v2(D0) greater than v2(Ds+) ordering reported in preliminary data.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The linear scaling could be checked in additional small systems to map how the duration of the 1.2 Tc to Tc window changes with collision size.
  • Precision data on the splitting size might help narrow the allowed range for the formation temperatures of other heavy mesons.
  • The same chronometer idea might apply to flow differences among other pairs of heavy-flavor hadrons that form at different temperatures.

Load-bearing premise

That Ds+ forms at 1.2 Tc while D0 forms at Tc, introduced to reproduce the v2(D0) greater than v2(Ds+) ordering.

What would settle it

A measurement in O-O collisions showing v2(D0) less than or equal to v2(Ds+), or the absence of linear scaling between the splitting and the partonic flow increment across multiple collision systems.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.21222 by Ben-Wei Zhang, Enke Wang, Hui Du, Jiaxing Zhao, Wei Dai, Xiao-Wei Hao.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: illustrates the transverse-momentum (pT ) de￾pendence of the hadronization time difference, ∆τhad ≡ ⟨τhad(D0 )⟩ − ⟨τhad(D+ s )⟩, evaluated across nine distinct configurations encompassing various centrality classes in 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 (GeV/c) T p 0 1 2 3 4 5 ) 6 c (fm/ τ ∆ Pb-Pb 0-10% Pb-Pb 10-30% Pb-Pb 30-50% Pb-Pb 50-70% O-O 0-20% O-O 0-10% O-O 10-30% O-O 30-50% O-O 50-70% Sequential hadronization FIG. 5.… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate the elliptic-flow splitting between prompt $D^0$ and $D_s^+$ mesons in O--O and Pb--Pb collisions within a heavy-quark transport framework with sequential hadronization, in which $D_s^+$ forms at $1.2\,T_c$ and $D^0$ at $T_c$. We present predictions for the $p_T$-differential $v_2$ and $D_s^+/D^0$ yield ratio in O--O $0$--$20\%$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.36$~TeV. The sequential scenario reproduces the $v_2(D^0) > v_2(D_s^+)$ ordering observed in preliminary ALICE data and predicts an enhanced $D_s^+/D^0$ ratio at low $p_T$, whereas a simultaneous baseline yields the opposite $v_2$ ordering. The splitting in O--O is substantially smaller than in Pb--Pb $30$--$50\%$, which we trace to the competition between the initial geometric eccentricity and the duration of the $1.2\,T_c \to T_c$ evolution window. A systematic scan across nine collision configurations reveals a universal linear scaling between the hadronic splitting and the partonic flow increment accumulated during this window, establishing the $D^0$--$D_s^+$ flow splitting as a hadronization chronometer of the quark-gluon plasma.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript investigates the elliptic-flow splitting between prompt D^0 and D_s^+ mesons in O-O and Pb-Pb collisions within a heavy-quark transport framework that incorporates sequential hadronization, with D_s^+ forming at 1.2 T_c and D^0 at T_c. It presents predictions for the p_T-differential v_2 and the D_s^+/D^0 yield ratio in 0-20% O-O collisions at 5.36 TeV, reproduces the v_2(D^0) > v_2(D_s^+) ordering from preliminary ALICE data, contrasts this with a simultaneous hadronization baseline, and reports a universal linear scaling between the hadronic splitting and the partonic flow increment accumulated in the 1.2 T_c to T_c window across nine collision configurations, thereby proposing the splitting as a QGP hadronization chronometer.

Significance. If the sequential formation temperatures receive independent justification, the reported linear scaling could establish a useful new chronometer for the duration of the hadronization phase. The systematic scan across multiple collision systems and the explicit comparison to simultaneous hadronization constitute strengths that enhance the potential impact of the observable for future heavy-ion experiments.

major comments (2)
  1. The formation temperatures (D_s^+ at 1.2 T_c and D^0 at T_c) are introduced explicitly to reproduce the v_2(D^0) > v_2(D_s^+) ordering observed in preliminary ALICE data. This choice is load-bearing for the sequential hadronization scenario and for the extraction of the claimed universal linear scaling; without independent support from lattice calculations or potential models, the chronometer interpretation risks circular dependence on the same data it aims to explain.
  2. The universality of the linear scaling is obtained from a scan across collision configurations that all share the identical fixed temperature thresholds. It remains to be shown whether the linearity and the sign of the splitting survive if the formation temperatures are varied or replaced by a simultaneous baseline, which could alter the central claim.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the thorough review and valuable feedback on our manuscript. We address each of the major comments in detail below and outline the revisions we will make to strengthen the presentation and robustness of our results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The formation temperatures (D_s^+ at 1.2 T_c and D^0 at T_c) are introduced explicitly to reproduce the v_2(D^0) > v_2(D_s^+) ordering observed in preliminary ALICE data. This choice is load-bearing for the sequential hadronization scenario and for the extraction of the claimed universal linear scaling; without independent support from lattice calculations or potential models, the chronometer interpretation risks circular dependence on the same data it aims to explain.

    Authors: We acknowledge the referee's concern regarding the motivation for the specific formation temperatures. While the temperatures are chosen such that the model reproduces the observed ordering, this is not the sole basis; the sequential scenario is motivated by the physical expectation that the Ds+ meson, containing a strange quark, hadronizes at a higher temperature than the D0 due to differences in binding energies and coupling to the medium, as suggested by various potential models. In the revised version, we will expand the discussion in the introduction and methodology sections to include citations to relevant lattice QCD studies and potential model calculations that support earlier formation for strange hadrons. This will help mitigate any appearance of circularity by grounding the choice in independent theoretical input, while the data serves as a validation. revision: yes

  2. Referee: The universality of the linear scaling is obtained from a scan across collision configurations that all share the identical fixed temperature thresholds. It remains to be shown whether the linearity and the sign of the splitting survive if the formation temperatures are varied or replaced by a simultaneous baseline, which could alter the central claim.

    Authors: We appreciate this point, which highlights the need to demonstrate robustness. The manuscript does include a simultaneous hadronization baseline where both species form at Tc, leading to a reversal of the v2 ordering and no splitting in the manner described. This effectively tests the case with zero temperature window. For variations in the formation temperatures, we agree that additional checks would be beneficial. In the revised manuscript, we will include a new figure or subsection showing the scaling for a slightly varied Ds+ formation temperature in selected systems (e.g., O-O and one Pb-Pb centrality), confirming that the linear relation holds with a slope proportional to the accumulated flow in the adjusted interval. This will support the claim that the splitting acts as a chronometer sensitive to the duration of the hadronization phase. revision: yes

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged

Sequential hadronization temperatures (1.2 Tc for Ds+, Tc for D0) chosen to reproduce observed v2 ordering, making chronometer claim dependent on tuned ansatz

specific steps
  1. fitted input called prediction [Abstract]
    "within a heavy-quark transport framework with sequential hadronization, in which D_s^+ forms at 1.2 T_c and D^0 at T_c. ... The sequential scenario reproduces the v_2(D^0) > v_2(D_s^+) ordering observed in preliminary ALICE data ... A systematic scan across nine collision configurations reveals a universal linear scaling between the hadronic splitting and the partonic flow increment accumulated during this window, establishing the D^0--D_s^+ flow splitting as a hadronization chronometer of the quark-gluon plasma."

    The temperatures 1.2 Tc (Ds+) and Tc (D0) are introduced specifically so that the model reproduces the observed v2 ordering; the linear scaling and chronometer interpretation are then obtained from scans that all employ these same fixed thresholds. The claimed universality therefore measures flow accumulation inside a window whose boundaries were tuned to the data rather than fixed independently.

full rationale

The derivation begins by adopting a sequential hadronization framework with fixed formation temperatures selected to match the ALICE v2(D0) > v2(Ds+) ordering. A systematic scan across collision systems then extracts a linear scaling between hadronic splitting and partonic flow in the 1.2 Tc–Tc window, which is presented as establishing a universal chronometer. Because the temperature thresholds are not derived from lattice QCD, potential models, or coalescence calculations but are instead introduced to reproduce the data sign, the scaling and chronometer interpretation are extracted inside a framework whose key input already encodes the target splitting behavior. This constitutes a fitted-input-called-prediction pattern with moderate circularity; the O–O predictions remain new but the central interpretive claim reduces to the modeling choice.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The framework depends on two tuned formation temperatures and the assumption that the transport model correctly evolves charm quarks through the QGP; no new particles or forces are postulated.

free parameters (2)
  • Ds+ formation temperature = 1.2 Tc
    Set to 1.2 Tc to implement sequential hadronization and reproduce the v2 ordering seen in data.
  • D0 formation temperature = Tc
    Set to Tc as the standard critical temperature for light-hadron formation.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Heavy-quark transport accurately captures charm-quark diffusion and flow development in the QGP.
    Core assumption of the model used to generate all predictions.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5838 in / 1442 out tokens · 58642 ms · 2026-05-21T04:01:35.273475+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

68 extracted references · 68 canonical work pages · 33 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    hadronization chronometer

    with degeneracy Nq = 6. The Wigner function Wh represents the probability density for the parton pair to form a specific hadron state. Taking charmed mesons as an example, the phase-space Wigner functions for the specific wave states involved in 4 this model read [ 58–60]: W1S(r, p) =8e−ξ, W1P (r, p) = 8 3 e−ξ(2ξ − 3), W1D(r, p) = 8 15 e−ξ(15 + 4ξ2 − 20ξ ...

    work page

  2. [2]

    Andronic, P

    A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, M. K. Köhler, A. Mazeliauskas, K. Redlich, J. Stachel, and V. Vislavi- cius, The multiple-charm hierarchy in the statistical hadronization model, JHEP 07, 035 , arXiv:2104.12754 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv

  3. [3]

    Measurement of D$_s^+$ production and nuclear modification factor in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV

    J. Adam et al. (ALICE), Measurement of d+ s produc- tion and nuclear modification factor in pb-pb collisions at √sNN = 2 .76 tev, JHEP 03, 082 , arXiv:1509.07287 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  4. [4]

    Measurement of D$^0$, D$^+$, D$^{*+}$ and D$^+_{\rm s}$ production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\mathbf{\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}}= 5.02$ TeV

    S. Acharya et al. (ALICE), Measurement of d0, d+, d∗+ and d+ s production in pb-pb collisions at √sNN = 5 .02 tev, JHEP 10, 174 , arXiv:1804.09083 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  5. [5]

    Minissale, S

    V. Minissale, S. Plumari, Y. Sun, and V. Greco, Multi- charmed and singled charmed hadrons from coalescence: yields and ratios in different collision systems at LHC, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 228 (2024) , arXiv:2305.03687 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  6. [6]

    Liu, W.-J

    Y.-F. Liu, W.-J. Xing, X.-Y. Wu, S. Cao, G.-Y. Qin, and S.-Q. Li, Charmed hadron chemistry and flow in heavy and light ion collisions at the LHC, (2024), arXiv:2402.03622 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  7. [7]

    Pucillo (ALICE), Recent results on strangeness en- hancement in small collision systems with ALICE, (2025), arXiv:2504.02527 [nucl-ex]

    S. Pucillo (ALICE), Recent results on strangeness en- hancement in small collision systems with ALICE, (2025), arXiv:2504.02527 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  8. [8]

    Giacalone et al

    G. Giacalone et al. , Exploiting Ne20 Isotopes for Preci- sion Characterizations of Collectivity in Small Systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 012302 (2025) , arXiv:2402.05995 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  9. [9]

    Ali Hassan Abdallah et al

    D. Ali Hassan Abdallah et al. (ALICE), Evidence of dif- ferent c-baryon and D-meson elliptic flow in Pb −Pb col- lisions at √sNN = 5.36 TeV with ALICE at the LHC, (2026), arXiv:2603.18966 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2026

  10. [10]

    Z.-X. Xu, W. Dai, B.-W. Zhang, J. Zhao, and P. Zhuang, D-meson production via sequential hadronization in high-energy nuclear collisions, (2025), arXiv:2510.16299 10 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  11. [11]

    R. Katz, C. A. G. Prado, J. Noronha-Hostler, and A. A. P. Suaide, System-size scan of D meson RAA and vn using PbPb, XeXe, ArAr, and OO collisions at ener- gies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. C 102, 041901 (2020) , arXiv:1907.03308 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2020

  12. [13]

    J. Zhao, J. Aichelin, P. B. Gossiaux, and K. Werner, System-size dependence of energy loss and correlations of heavy mesons at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. C 111, 014907 (2025) , arXiv:2407.20919 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2025

  13. [14]

    R. J. Fries, B. Muller, C. Nonaka, and S. A. Bass, Hadron production in heavy ion collisions: Fragmentation and recombination from a dense parton phase, Phys. Rev. C 68, 044902 (2003) , arXiv:nucl-th/0306027

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2003

  14. [15]

    Greco, C

    V. Greco, C. M. Ko, and P. Levai, Parton coalescence at RHIC, Phys. Rev. C 68, 034904 (2003) , arXiv:nucl- th/0305024

    work page arXiv 2003

  15. [16]

    He and R

    M. He and R. Rapp, Hadronization and Charm-Hadron Ratios in Heavy-Ion Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 042301 (2020) , arXiv:1905.09216 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2020

  16. [17]

    M. He, H. van Hees, and R. Rapp, Heavy-quark diffusion in the quark–gluon plasma, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 130, 104020 (2023) , arXiv:2204.09299 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  17. [18]

    Phase-Space Coalescence for heavy and light quarks at RHIC

    V. Greco, H. van Hees, and R. Rapp, Phase-space coa- lescence for heavy and light quarks at RHIC, Eur. Phys. J. ST 155, 45 (2008) , arXiv:0710.0486 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  18. [19]

    Energy loss, hadronization and hadronic interactions of heavy flavors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    S. Cao, G.-Y. Qin, and S. A. Bass, Energy loss, hadronization and hadronic interactions of heavy fla- vors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 92, 024907 (2015) , arXiv:1505.01413 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  19. [20]

    Cao, K.-J

    S. Cao, K.-J. Sun, S.-Q. Li, S. Y. F. Liu, W.-J. Xing, G.- Y. Qin, and C. M. Ko, Charmed hadron chemistry in rel- ativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Lett. B 807, 135561 (2020), arXiv:1911.00456 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2020

  20. [21]

    P. B. Gossiaux, R. Bierkandt, and J. Aichelin, Tomogra- phy of a quark gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC energies, Phys. Rev. C 79, 044906 (2009) , arXiv:0901.0946 [hep- ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  21. [22]

    M. He, R. J. Fries, and R. Rapp, Ds-Meson as Quan- titative Probe of Diffusion and Hadronization in Nu- clear Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 112301 (2013) , arXiv:1204.4442 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  22. [23]

    Heavy flavours in heavy-ion collisions: quenching, flow and correlations

    A. Beraudo, A. De Pace, M. Monteno, M. Nardi, and F. Prino, Heavy flavors in heavy-ion collisions: quench- ing, flow and correlations, Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 121 (2015) , arXiv:1410.6082 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  23. [24]

    J. Zhao, J. Aichelin, P. B. Gossiaux, V. Ozvenchuk, and K. Werner, Heavy-flavor hadron production in relativistic heavy ion collisions at energies available at BNL RHIC and at the CERN LHC in the EPOS4HQ framework, Phys. Rev. C 110, 024909 (2024) , arXiv:2401.17096 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  24. [25]

    Li, W.-J

    S.-Q. Li, W.-J. Xing, X.-Y. Wu, S. Cao, and G.-Y. Qin, Scaling behaviors of heavy flavor meson suppression and flow in different nuclear collision systems at the LHC, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 1035 (2021) , arXiv:2108.06648 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  25. [26]

    T. Song, H. Berrehrah, D. Cabrera, J. M. Torres-Rincon, L. Tolos, W. Cassing, and E. Bratkovskaya, Tomogra- phy of the Quark-Gluon-Plasma by Charm Quarks, Phys. Rev. C 92, 014910 (2015) , arXiv:1503.03039 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  26. [27]

    Charmed Hadrons from Coalescence plus Fragmentation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC

    S. Plumari, V. Minissale, S. K. Das, G. Coci, and V. Greco, Charmed Hadrons from Coalescence plus Fragmentation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC, Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 348 (2018) , arXiv:1712.00730 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  27. [28]

    S. K. Das, J. M. Torres-Rincon, L. Tolos, V. Minissale, F. Scardina, and V. Greco, Propagation of heavy baryons in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. D 94, 114039 (2016) , arXiv:1604.05666 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  28. [29]

    S. Shi, J. Zhao, and P. Zhuang, Heavy flavor dissociation in framework of multi-body Dirac equations, Chin. Phys. C 44, 084101 (2020) , arXiv:1905.10627 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2020

  29. [30]

    J. Zhao, S. Shi, N. Xu, and P. Zhuang, Sequential hadronization in heavy ion collisions, Nucl. Phys. A 1005, 121898 (2021) , arXiv:2004.12305 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  30. [31]

    S. Shi, X. Guo, and P. Zhuang, Flavor Dependence of Me- son Melting Temperature in Relativistic Potential Model, Phys. Rev. D 88, 014021 (2013) , arXiv:1306.1896 [nucl- th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  31. [32]

    ALICE Collaboration, presented at the International Conference on Strangeness in Quark Matter (SQM 2026), Los Angeles, USA, 2026 (unpublished), ALICE Prelimi- nary figure ALI-PREL-622235

    work page 2026

  32. [33]

    J. S. Moreland, J. E. Bernhard, and S. A. Bass, Alter- native ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions, Phys. Rev. C 92, 011901 (2015) , arXiv:1412.4708 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  33. [34]

    L.-G. Pang, H. Petersen, and X.-N. Wang, Pseudo- rapidity distribution and decorrelation of anisotropic flow within the open-computing-language implementa- tion CL Visc hydrodynamics, Phys. Rev. C 97, 064918 (2018), arXiv:1802.04449 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  34. [35]

    Wu, G.-Y

    X.-Y. Wu, G.-Y. Qin, L.-G. Pang, and X.-N. Wang, (3+1)-D viscous hydrodynamics at finite net baryon den- sity: Identified particle spectra, anisotropic flows, and flow fluctuations across energies relevant to the beam- energy scan at RHIC, Phys. Rev. C 105, 034909 (2022) , arXiv:2107.04949 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  35. [36]

    The equation of state in (2+1)-flavor QCD

    A. Bazavov et al. (HotQCD), Equation of state in ( 2+1 )-flavor QCD, Phys. Rev. D 90, 094503 (2014) , arXiv:1407.6387 [hep-lat]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  36. [37]

    J. E. Bernhard, J. S. Moreland, S. A. Bass, J. Liu, and U. Heinz, Applying Bayesian parameter estimation to rel- ativistic heavy-ion collisions: simultaneous characteriza- tion of the initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium, Phys. Rev. C 94, 024907 (2016) , arXiv:1605.03954 [nucl- th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  37. [38]

    S. Ryu, J. F. Paquet, C. Shen, G. S. Denicol, B. Schenke, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Importance of the Bulk Viscosity of QCD in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 132301 (2015) , arXiv:1502.01675 [nucl- th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  38. [39]

    Heavy quark dynamics and hadronization in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions: collisional versus radiative energy loss

    S. Cao, G.-Y. Qin, and S. A. Bass, Heavy-quark dynam- ics and hadronization in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion colli- sions: Collisional versus radiative energy loss, Phys. Rev. C 88, 044907 (2013) , arXiv:1308.0617 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  39. [40]

    W. Dai, S. Wang, S.-L. Zhang, B.-W. Zhang, and E. Wang, Transverse Momentum Balance and Angular Distribution of b¯b Dijets in Pb+Pb collisions, Chin. Phys. C 44, 104105 (2020) , arXiv:1806.06332 [nucl-th] . 11

    work page arXiv 2020

  40. [41]

    Theoretical predictions for charm and bottom production at the LHC

    M. Cacciari, S. Frixione, N. Houdeau, M. L. Mangano, P. Nason, and G. Ridolfi, Theoretical predictions for charm and bottom production at the LHC, JHEP 10, 137, arXiv:1205.6344 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  41. [42]

    K. J. Eskola, P. Paakkinen, H. Paukkunen, and C. A. Sal- gado, EPPS21: a global QCD analysis of nuclear PDFs, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 413 (2022) , arXiv:2112.12462 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  42. [43]

    S. Wang, W. Dai, B.-W. Zhang, and E. Wang, Diffusion of charm quarks in jets in high-energy heavy-ion colli- sions, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 789 (2019) , arXiv:1906.01499 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2019

  43. [44]

    S. Wang, W. Dai, B.-W. Zhang, and E. Wang, Z 0 boson associated b-jet production in high-energy nu- clear collisions*, Chin. Phys. C 47, 054102 (2023) , arXiv:2005.07018 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  44. [45]

    S. Wang, W. Dai, B.-W. Zhang, and E. Wang, Ra- dial profile of bottom quarks in jets in high-energy nuclear collisions, Chin. Phys. C 45, 064105 (2021) , arXiv:2012.13935 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2021

  45. [46]

    Bayesian Inference of Heavy-Quark Dissipation and Jet Transport Parameters from D-Meson observables in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC energies

    X.-F. Xue, Z.-X. Xu, W. Dai, J. Zhao, and B.-W. Zhang, Bayesian inference of heavy-quark dissipation and jet transport parameters from D-meson observables in heavy-ion collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. C 113, 054902 (2026) , arXiv:2512.07169 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  46. [47]

    Kubo, The fluctuation-dissipation theorem, Rept

    R. Kubo, The fluctuation-dissipation theorem, Rept. Prog. Phys. 29, 255 (1966)

    work page 1966

  47. [48]

    Altenkort, O

    L. Altenkort, O. Kaczmarek, R. Larsen, S. Mukherjee, P. Petreczky, H.-T. Shu, and S. Stendebach (HotQCD), Heavy Quark Diffusion from 2+1 Flavor Lattice QCD with 320 MeV Pion Mass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 231902 (2023), arXiv:2302.08501 [hep-lat]

    work page arXiv 2023

  48. [49]

    Quarkonium in Hot Medium

    P. Petreczky, Quarkonium in Hot Medium, J. Phys. G 37, 094009 (2010) , arXiv:1001.5284 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  49. [50]

    Multiple Scattering, Parton Energy Loss and Modified Fragmentation Functions in Deeply Inelastic eA Scattering

    X.-f. Guo and X.-N. Wang, Multiple scattering, par- ton energy loss and modified fragmentation functions in deeply inelastic e A scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3591 (2000), arXiv:hep-ph/0005044

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2000

  50. [51]

    Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Nuclear Medium

    B.-W. Zhang, E. Wang, and X.-N. Wang, Heavy quark energy loss in nuclear medium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 072301 (2004) , arXiv:nucl-th/0309040

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  51. [52]

    Multiple Parton Scattering in Nuclei: Heavy Quark Energy Loss and Modified Fragmentation Functions

    B.-W. Zhang, E.-k. Wang, and X.-N. Wang, Multiple par- ton scattering in nuclei: Heavy quark energy loss and modified fragmentation functions, Nucl. Phys. A 757, 493 (2005) , arXiv:hep-ph/0412060

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2005

  52. [53]

    Hard collinear gluon radiation and multiple scattering in a medium

    A. Majumder, Hard collinear gluon radiation and mul- tiple scattering in a medium, Phys. Rev. D 85, 014023 (2012), arXiv:0912.2987 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  53. [54]

    Multiple Parton Scattering in Nuclei: Modified DGLAP Evolution for Fragmentation Functions

    W.-t. Deng and X.-N. Wang, Multiple Parton Scatter- ing in Nuclei: Modified DGLAP Evolution for Frag- mentation Functions, Phys. Rev. C 81, 024902 (2010) , arXiv:0910.3403 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  54. [55]

    Xie, S.-Y

    M. Xie, S.-Y. Wei, G.-Y. Qin, and H.-Z. Zhang, Extract- ing jet transport coefficient via single hadron and di- hadron productions in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 589 (2019) , arXiv:1901.04155 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  55. [56]

    Charm-Baryon Production in Proton-Proton Collisions

    M. He and R. Rapp, Charm-Baryon Production in Proton-Proton Collisions, Phys. Lett. B 795, 117 (2019) , arXiv:1902.08889 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  56. [57]

    J. M. Torres-Rincon, G. Montaña, À. Ramos, and L. To- los, In-medium kinetic theory of D mesons and heavy- flavor transport coefficients, Phys. Rev. C 105, 025203 (2022), arXiv:2106.01156 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  57. [58]

    R. J. Fries, V. Greco, and P. Sorensen, Coalescence Models For Hadron Formation From Quark Gluon Plasma, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 58, 177 (2008) , arXiv:0807.4939 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  58. [59]

    J. Zhao, S. Shi, N. Xu, and P. Zhuang, Sequential Coales- cence with Charm Conservation in High Energy Nuclear Collisions, (2018), arXiv:1805.10858 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  59. [60]

    Zhao et al., Hadronization of heavy quarks, Phys

    J. Zhao et al., Hadronization of heavy quarks, Phys. Rev. C 109, 054912 (2024) , arXiv:2311.10621 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  60. [61]

    J. Zhao, J. Aichelin, P. B. Gossiaux, and K. Werner, Cor- relations between heavy mesons and the creation of the charmonia, bottomonia, and Bc mesons in high energy pp collisions, (2025), arXiv:2511.08796 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2025

  61. [62]

    Peterson, D

    C. Peterson, D. Schlatter, I. Schmitt, and P. M. Zerwas, Scaling Violations in Inclusive e+ e- Annihilation Spec- tra, Phys. Rev. D 27, 105 (1983)

    work page 1983

  62. [63]

    Combined analysis of charm-quark fragmentation-fraction measurements

    M. Lisovyi, A. Verbytskyi, and O. Zenaiev, Combined analysis of charm-quark fragmentation-fraction measure- ments, Eur. Phys. J. C 76, 397 (2016) , arXiv:1509.01061 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  63. [64]

    Minissale, S

    V. Minissale, S. Plumari, and V. Greco, Charm hadrons in pp collisions at LHC energy within a coalescence plus fragmentation approach, Phys. Lett. B 821, 136622 (2021), arXiv:2012.12001 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  64. [65]

    Development of heavy-flavour flow-harmonics in high-energy nuclear collisions

    A. Beraudo, A. De Pace, M. Monteno, M. Nardi, and F. Prino, Development of heavy-flavour flow- harmonics in high-energy nuclear collisions, JHEP 02, 043, arXiv:1712.00588 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  65. [66]

    Heavy ions at the Future Circular Collider

    A. Dainese et al. , Heavy ions at the Future Cir- cular Collider 10.23731/CYRM-2017-003.635 (2016), arXiv:1605.01389 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.23731/cyrm-2017-003.635 2017

  66. [67]

    Future heavy-ion facilities: FCC-AA

    A. Dainese et al. , Future heavy-ion facilities: FCC-AA, PoS HardProbes2018, 005 (2019) , arXiv:1901.10952 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  67. [68]

    Abada et al

    A. Abada et al. (FCC), FCC Physics Opportunities: Fu- ture Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 474 (2019)

    work page 2019

  68. [69]

    Abada et al

    A. Abada et al. (FCC), FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Vol- ume 3, Eur. Phys. J. ST 228, 755 (2019)

    work page 2019