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arxiv: 2605.26245 · v1 · pith:5HLZBVSYnew · submitted 2026-05-25 · 🪐 quant-ph · cond-mat.stat-mech· cond-mat.str-el

Preparing thermal states of frustrated quantum spin systems using 139 qubits

Roland C. Farrell , Yongtao Zhan , Lucas Katschke , Lode Pollet , Ilan T. Rosen , Jad C. Halimeh This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 21:20 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph cond-mat.stat-mechcond-mat.str-el
keywords thermal state preparationdissipative quantum simulationkagome latticefrustrated spin systemsquantum computingantiferromagnetic Ising modelfinite temperature
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The pith

Dissipative coupling prepares approximate thermal states of up to 79-spin kagome antiferromagnets using 139 qubits.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates preparation of approximate thermal states for frustrated spin systems by coupling system spins on the kagome lattice to environment qubits that induce dissipation. On IBM processors this yields a robust steady state with tunable effective temperature for the antiferromagnetic Ising model, stable through circuits with more than 1000 layers of two-qubit gates. Classical simulations of the protocol on both Ising and Heisenberg models show that the depth needed to reach equilibrium remains independent of system size up to 24 sites and grows at most linearly with inverse temperature. The approach targets finite-temperature properties that classical methods cannot access due to sign problems.

Core claim

Approximate thermal states of the antiferromagnetic Ising model on kagome lattices are prepared on IBM quantum processors by coupling up to 79 system spins to 60 environment qubits, resulting in a robust steady state with adjustable effective temperature that persists through circuits with over 1000 layers of two-qubit gates. Classical simulations of the protocol for both the Ising and Heisenberg models on lattices up to 24 sites show that the circuit depth to reach equilibrium is independent of system size and grows at most linearly with inverse temperature.

What carries the argument

engineered dissipation via coupling system spins to environment qubits that drives the system toward a tunable thermal steady state

If this is right

  • Approximate thermal states for the AFIM benchmark become accessible on present-day quantum hardware with 139 qubits.
  • Circuit depth to equilibrium does not grow with system size for lattices up to 24 sites.
  • The same protocol applies in principle to the AFHM whose finite-temperature behavior is inaccessible to quantum Monte Carlo.
  • Engineered dissipation offers a route to finite-temperature simulation of frustrated matter beyond classical reach.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Validation against exact thermal states on small lattices would allow scaling studies of temperature-driven phase transitions in frustrated magnets.
  • Lower effective temperatures might be reachable by combining the dissipation protocol with variational optimization of the initial state.
  • Size-independent depth suggests the method remains practical as qubit counts increase.

Load-bearing premise

The observed steady state matches the local properties of a true thermal state at the claimed effective temperature rather than reflecting hardware noise or incomplete thermalization.

What would settle it

For a small kagome AFIM instance where exact thermal averages are computable, measure the prepared state's energy or spin correlations and verify agreement with the Boltzmann distribution at the claimed temperature.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.26245 by Ilan T. Rosen, Jad C. Halimeh, Lode Pollet, Lucas Katschke, Roland C. Farrell, Yongtao Zhan.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Matrix elements of the jump operators [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. The partitioning of the links on the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. The energy density as a function of the number of resets [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. The mixed state fidelity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Left: a) Trotterized time evolution under the AFIM on the kagome lattice requires [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Numerical simulation of dissipative ground-state preparation for the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Scaling of the steady-state energy error with the number of environment qubits [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. The pairing of system (white) and environment (black) qubits on the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13. a) The entries in the reset confusion matrix [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14. The energy densities measured on [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15. The spatially resolved magnetization (left) and triangle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16. Kagome lattices with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: FIG. 17. Left: Comparison of the rate of convergence to the exact thermal state with a range of inverse temperatures between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: FIG. 18. The convergence in the energy density on a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: FIG. 19. Left: All degenerate ground states and 3 of the degenerate first excited states of a classical Ising model with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: FIG. 20. The spatial distribution of the magnetization (left) and connected triangle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_20.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Finite-temperature properties of strongly correlated quantum matter are central to condensed matter, chemistry, and high-energy physics, yet are often inaccessible to classical methods such as quantum Monte Carlo (QMC). Here, we investigate dissipative thermal state preparation of frustrated spin systems using digital quantum computers. We focus on two paradigmatic models on the kagome lattice: the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (AFHM), whose finite-temperature properties are inaccessible to QMC due to a severe sign problem, and the antiferromagnetic Ising model (AFIM), which serves as a sign-problem-free benchmark. Using IBM quantum processors, we prepare approximate thermal states of the AFIM on kagome lattices with up to $79$ spins coupled to $60$ environment qubits. We observe the emergence of a robust steady state with an adjustable effective temperature that persists in circuits with over 1000 layers of two-qubit gates. We further study the scalability of the dissipative protocol through classical statevector simulations of the AFIM and AFHM. On lattices with up to 24 sites, we find that the circuit depth to reach thermal equilibrium is independent of system size and grows at most linearly with inverse temperature. These results establish engineered dissipation as a promising approach to finite-temperature quantum simulation of frustrated matter, and point toward regimes where quantum devices may outperform classical methods.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that a dissipative protocol can prepare approximate thermal states of frustrated spin systems on the kagome lattice. On IBM hardware they realize this for the antiferromagnetic Ising model (AFIM) with up to 79 system spins coupled to 60 environment qubits (139 total), producing a robust steady state whose effective temperature can be adjusted and that survives circuits exceeding 1000 layers of two-qubit gates. Statevector simulations up to 24 sites for both AFIM and the sign-problematic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (AFHM) show that the depth required to reach equilibrium is independent of system size and grows at most linearly with inverse temperature.

Significance. If the prepared states are shown to be close to Gibbs states at the reported effective temperatures, the work supplies a concrete route to finite-temperature properties of sign-problematic models that are inaccessible to quantum Monte Carlo. The 139-qubit hardware demonstration and the size-independent depth scaling (at most linear in 1/T) are genuine strengths that could enable quantum devices to reach regimes where classical methods fail. The explicit scaling result for both models is a clear, falsifiable contribution.

major comments (1)
  1. [Experimental results on AFIM] Experimental AFIM results: the claim that the observed steady state is an approximate thermal state at an adjustable effective temperature is load-bearing. The manuscript must supply quantitative metrics (e.g., deviation of energy, specific heat, or correlation functions from exact thermal values) for the largest (79-spin) instances; without these, it remains possible that the steady state is a non-thermal attractor shaped by hardware noise rather than the target Gibbs state.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract and methods: the procedure used to extract and tune the effective temperature should be stated explicitly, including which observables are fitted and the fitting tolerance.
  2. [Simulation results] Simulation section: the precise system sizes, number of independent runs, and the functional form of the observed depth-vs-1/T scaling for the AFHM should be tabulated or plotted with error bars.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment and constructive feedback. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Experimental results on AFIM] Experimental AFIM results: the claim that the observed steady state is an approximate thermal state at an adjustable effective temperature is load-bearing. The manuscript must supply quantitative metrics (e.g., deviation of energy, specific heat, or correlation functions from exact thermal values) for the largest (79-spin) instances; without these, it remains possible that the steady state is a non-thermal attractor shaped by hardware noise rather than the target Gibbs state.

    Authors: We agree that direct quantitative comparison to exact thermal expectations would strengthen the interpretation. However, exact thermal properties for a 79-spin system are computationally intractable, requiring summation over an exponential number of configurations (2^79). This intractability is the regime the method targets. For the AFIM we have instead validated the protocol via statevector simulations on systems up to 24 sites, where exact comparisons are feasible and confirm that the dissipative dynamics reach the target Gibbs state with depth independent of system size. On hardware, the 79-spin steady state is shown to be robust (persisting beyond 1000 two-qubit layers), independent of initial conditions, and tunable in effective temperature via the engineered dissipation parameters, consistent with the theoretical analysis of the protocol. We will revise the manuscript to expand the discussion of these supporting lines of evidence and to explicitly note the absence of exact benchmarks at the largest size. revision: partial

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • Supplying quantitative metrics comparing observables to exact thermal values for the 79-spin hardware instances, as exact computation is intractable at this scale.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The paper's central claims rest on direct experimental observations from IBM quantum processors (up to 79+60 qubits) showing emergence of adjustable-temperature steady states, plus classical statevector simulations (up to 24 sites) confirming size-independent depth scaling linear in 1/T. No load-bearing steps reduce by construction to fitted inputs, self-citations, or ansatzes imported from prior author work; the protocol is validated against external benchmarks via hardware runs and sign-problem-free comparisons rather than internal redefinition.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract provides no specific free parameters or invented entities; relies on established quantum computing concepts.

axioms (1)
  • standard math Standard quantum mechanics and open quantum system dynamics
    Underlying the dissipative protocol.

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discussion (0)

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