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The Dark Dimension and the Swampland
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abstract
Motivated by principles from the Swampland program, which characterize requirements for a consistent UV completion of quantum gravity, combined with observational data, we are led to a unique corner of the quantum gravity landscape. In particular, using the Distance/Duality conjecture and the smallness of dark energy, we predict the existence of a light tower of states and a unique extra mesoscopic dimension of length $l\sim \Lambda^{-\frac{1}{4}}\sim 10^{-6}\, m$, with extra massless fermions propagating on it. This automatically leads to a candidate for a tower of sterile neutrinos, and an associated active neutrino mass scale $m_{\nu}\sim \langle H\rangle^2\, \Lambda^{-\frac{1}{12}}M_{pl}^{-\frac{2}{3}}$. Moreover, assuming the mechanism for stabilization of this dark dimension leads to similar masses for active and sterile neutrinos we are led to the prediction of a Higgs vev $\langle H\rangle \sim \Lambda^{\frac{1}{6}}M_{pl}^{\frac{1}{3}}$. Another prediction of the scenario is a species scale ${\hat M} \sim \Lambda^ {\frac{1}{12}}M_{pl}^{\frac{2}{3}}\sim 10^{9}-10^{10} GeV$, corresponding to the higher-dimensional Planck scale. This energy scale may be related to the resolution of the instability of the Higgs effective potential present at a scale of $\sim 10^{11}\, GeV$. We also speculate about the interplay between this energy scale and the GZK limit on ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
Forward citations
Cited by 14 Pith papers
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The Dark Dimension meets the Axiverse
Dark dimension dark matter can evade decay constraints if N≳50 axion KK towers share the tower energy, diluting Standard Model energy injection by roughly 1/N.
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Kaluza-Klein tower thresholds and scheme dependence of the species scale
Leading KK-tower local corrections to four-derivative gravity are regulator-dependent EFT matching data, while log N terms are universal within proper-time cutoffs, so species-scale definitions match only parametrically.
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IR Black Hole Instabilities Trigger Species-Scale Particle Production
A mechanism is proposed in which black hole instability at the tower scale converts a fraction of the mass into particles at the species scale, with Hawking evaporation subdominant.
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TransPlanckian Censorship on Dark Dimension Inflation
TransPlanckian Censorship forces dark-dimension inflation into a narrow one-dimension window with a pre-inflationary phase and suppresses tensor modes to r < 10^-10.
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Searching for the $N$-naturalness tower of neutrinos
Neutrino data rule out the Majorana realization of N-naturalness with up to 10^4 sectors and fine-tuning r ≥ 0.1, including the no-fine-tuning GUT benchmark.
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Background instability of quintessence model in light of entropy and distance conjecture
An entropy comparison shows quintessence backgrounds with a finite event horizon are unstable, equating the trans-Planckian censorship bound with a species-entropy growth condition.
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The dark dimension, proton decay, and the length of the M-theory interval
Proton decay limits force the M-theory interval in heterotic E8×E8 compactifications to be R ≲ 2.7×10^-28 m, ruling it out as a micron-sized dark dimension.
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The String Theory Photoverse
Massless string-theory hidden photons acquire dimension-six dipole couplings to SM fermions with suppression scale Λ = αM_s, converting dipole measurements into constraints on the string scale.
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Moduli Space Quantum Mechanics
Moduli-space geometry induces effective potentials that localize excited quantum wavefunctions in the bulk with positive energies, even for classically runaway potentials.
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Gravity and the Higgs boson mass
For a scalar field on a sphere, the Fradkin-Vilkovisky measure combined with an on-shell cutoff identification converts the famous quadratic mass divergence into a logarithmic one.
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Evolving Dark Sector and the Dark Dimension Scenario
A two-parameter fading dark sector model, with exponential dark energy potential and exponential dark matter mass, matches DESI DR2 plus supernova data and naturally yields apparent w<-1 phantom behavior.
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Dark Dimension Right-handed Neutrinos Confronted with Long-Baseline Oscillation Experiments
T2K and NOvA data exclude dark-dimension neutrino models with bulk mass |c| < ~0.1 eV for a 10 µm extra dimension.
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Breaking Free from the Swampland of Impossible Universes through the DESI Portal
DESI data indicating evolving dark energy may allow string theory to describe observed universes without violating swampland constraints on constant dark energy.
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Dark Energy and the Symbiosis Between Micro-physics and Cosmology (Naturally)
A review arguing that technical naturalness, powered by low-energy scale invariance and supersymmetric extra dimensions, is the most promising route to solving the cosmological constant problem.
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