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Identifying and Mitigating Privacy Risks Stemming from Language Models: A Survey

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arxiv 2310.01424 v2 pith:7MN3OT4N submitted 2023-09-27 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords llmsdatamodelsprivacyattackstrainingdimensionsexisting
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown greatly enhanced performance in recent years, attributed to increased size and extensive training data. This advancement has led to widespread interest and adoption across industries and the public. However, training data memorization in Machine Learning models scales with model size, particularly concerning for LLMs. Memorized text sequences have the potential to be directly leaked from LLMs, posing a serious threat to data privacy. Various techniques have been developed to attack LLMs and extract their training data. As these models continue to grow, this issue becomes increasingly critical. To help researchers and policymakers understand the state of knowledge around privacy attacks and mitigations, including where more work is needed, we present the first SoK on data privacy for LLMs. We (i) identify a taxonomy of salient dimensions where attacks differ on LLMs, (ii) systematize existing attacks, using our taxonomy of dimensions to highlight key trends, (iii) survey existing mitigation strategies, highlighting their strengths and limitations, and (iv) identify key gaps, demonstrating open problems and areas for concern.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systems

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic review that categorizes LLM threats, severity scores, and mitigations across development and operation life cycles and multiple deployment scenarios.

  2. Automated Privacy Information Annotation in Large Language Model Interactions

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A 249K-query English/Chinese dataset with 154K privacy phrases and a benchmark showing fine-tuned 1B-7B local models can detect privacy leaks, with 87.6% leakage accuracy but only 44.7% information-level F1.

  3. DevLicOps: A Framework for Mitigating Licensing Risks in AI-Generated Code

    cs.SE 2025-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    DevLicOps integrates license-compliance controls into the SDLC to reduce risk from AI-generated code, using policies, automated scans, manual audits, and indemnity-aware practices.

  4. LLM Harms: A Taxonomy and Discussion

    cs.CY 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    This paper proposes a taxonomy of LLM harms in five categories and suggests mitigation strategies plus a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.

  5. Breaking to Build: A Threat Model of Prompt-Based Attacks for Securing LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-09 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey categorizing prompt-based attacks on LLMs into four classes and proposing aspirational goals of un-distillable, un-finetunable, and un-editable models.

  6. SoK: The Privacy Paradox of Large Language Models: Advancements, Privacy Risks, and Mitigation

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A systematization-of-knowledge survey that categorizes LLM privacy risks into training data, prompts, outputs, and agents, and reviews limitations of current mitigations.

  7. The End Of Universal Lifelong Identifiers: Identity Systems For The AI Era

    cs.CR 2025-05 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    Universal lifelong identifiers should be replaced by per-use unlinkable identifiers backed by Merkle commitments and zero-knowledge proofs, a framework sketched here without formal security analysis.

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