pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.23075 · v1 · pith:AOCHIXQJnew · submitted 2026-05-21 · ⚛️ physics.med-ph

Multinuclear fingerprinting

Gonzalo G. Rodriguez , Zidan Yu , Lauren O'Donnell , Martijn A. Cloos , Guillaume Madelin This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 05:07 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.med-ph
keywords multinuclear MRImagnetic resonance fingerprintingsodium imagingproton densityquantitative MRIbrain mapping7 Tesla
0
0 comments X

The pith

Multinuclear fingerprinting produces seven exactly co-registered quantitative brain maps from simultaneous proton and sodium data acquired in 13 minutes.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces multinuclear fingerprinting as a method that acquires proton and sodium magnetic resonance data at the same time and processes them to yield seven quantitative maps. These maps cover proton density, T1 and T2 from water protons plus tissue sodium concentration, T1, T2short and T2long from sodium ions. All maps share identical spatial and temporal resolution and are exactly co-registered because the raw data are collected simultaneously. The approach combines dual-nucleus fingerprinting with a super-resolution step that raises sodium resolution to match the proton resolution. Demonstrated on seven healthy volunteers at 7 T, the technique finishes in 13 minutes at 1.5 by 1.5 by 5 mm resolution and is presented as a route to joint morphological and physiological brain measurements.

Core claim

Multinuclear fingerprinting consists of simultaneous 1H/23Na magnetic resonance fingerprinting followed by a super-resolution algorithm that raises 23Na resolution to match the 1H resolution; the resulting seven maps (PD, T1, T2 from 1H; TSC, T1, T2short, T2long from 23Na) are obtained at 1.5x1.5x5 mm³ resolution in 13 minutes on seven healthy subjects at 7 T, with all images exactly co-registered.

What carries the argument

Multinuclear fingerprinting, the combination of simultaneous dual-nucleus MRF acquisition with a super-resolution reconstruction step that aligns sodium maps to proton resolution while preserving quantitative values.

If this is right

  • All seven maps share identical spatial and temporal sampling because the underlying 1H and 23Na data are acquired simultaneously.
  • The exact co-registration enables direct voxel-wise comparison between tissue structure from proton maps and ion homeostasis from sodium maps.
  • The 13-minute acquisition time supports longitudinal studies that track joint 1H/23Na changes during tasks or interventions.
  • The same acquisition and reconstruction pipeline can be adapted to body regions other than the brain.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The method could be extended to include additional nuclei or functional tasks to map dynamic ion changes alongside structure.
  • If the super-resolution step proves robust across patient populations, the approach might shorten total exam times for combined proton-sodium protocols in clinical research.
  • Exact co-registration at this resolution opens the possibility of using the maps as joint inputs for biophysical models of brain tissue.

Load-bearing premise

The super-resolution algorithm recovers sodium image detail without introducing bias or artifacts that would distort the derived sodium parameter maps.

What would settle it

A side-by-side comparison on the same subjects showing statistically significant differences between sodium T2 or TSC values obtained from MNF versus values obtained from separate high-resolution 23Na acquisitions or calibrated phantoms.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.23075 by Gonzalo G. Rodriguez, Guillaume Madelin, Lauren O'Donnell, Martijn A. Cloos, Zidan Yu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The multinuclear fingerprinting (MNF) method. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Examples of the seven MNF HR 1H and 23Na maps of a whole brain. Representative sagittal, transversal and coronal slices include proton density (PD), T1 and T2 from 1H , and tissue sodium concentration (TSC), T1, T2,short and T2,long from 23Na. Resolution = 1.5×1.5×5 mm3 , TA = 13 min. maps (proton density [PD], T1 and T2) of the whole brain in a single 13-min acquisition. Finally, we implemented an iterati… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: 1H MNF HR measurements. The boxplots show distributions and median values of final mean values (from the standard method) of the mean measurements from the NROI and NREF values (histograms) from N = 7 subjects, from the 1H MNF HR data (PD, T1, T2), in the EYE, CSF, GM and WM ROIs. Highest values used were NROI = 5% to 100% by steps of 5% (20 values), NREF = 5% to 100% by steps of 5% (20 values). ods/Statis… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: 23Na MNF HR, LR, and FLORET measurements. The boxplots show distributions and median values of the final mean values (from the standard method) of the mean measurements from the NROI and NREF values (histograms), from the 23Na MNF HR (7 subjects), LR (7 subjects) and FLORET (FLO, 2 subjects: 5 and 6) data (TSC, T1, T2,short, T2,long), in the EYE, CSF, GM and WM ROIs. Highest values used were NROI = 5% to 1… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The simultaneous 1H/23Na MRF pulse sequence. Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) data is acquired simultaneously for proton (1H) using a full-radial stack-of-stars k-space trajectory and for sodium (23Na) using a center-out stack-of-stars trajectory. The 1H flip angle (FA) train is made up of 500 RF pulses α applied every delay τ of 7.5 ms, and that includes 27 variable pulses (for data acquisition) an… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We developed a new magnetic resonance imaging method called multinuclear fingerprinting (MNF) which leverages simultaneously-acquired proton (1H) and sodium (23Na) data to generate seven quantitative maps of the whole brain: proton density (PD), T1 and T2 relaxation times from water, and tissue sodium concentration (TSC), T1, T2short and T2long from Na+ ions. MNF consists of two parts: (1) simultaneous 1H/23Na magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF), and (2) a super-resolution (SR) algorithm to increase the 23Na resolution to match the 1H resolution. It was tested on the brain of seven healthy subjects at 7 T, with a final resolution of 1.5x1.5x5 mm3 for all maps acquired in 13 min. MNF could provide new fundamental insights into the inter-relationship between morphology (i.e. tissue structure from the 1H maps) and physiology (i.e. ion homeostasis from the 23Na maps) in vivo to help improve our understanding of the human brain in general, and to study neuropathologies and their treatments. Since all 1H/23Na MRF data is acquired simultaneously, all images are exactly co-registered with identical spatial and temporal resolutions. MNF could be useful in future longitudinal studies for assessing local time-dependent and conjoint 1H/23Na MR changes during tasks or interventions. MNF was initially developed for neuroimaging, but it can be adapted to any other parts of the body.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces multinuclear fingerprinting (MNF), a method combining simultaneous 1H/23Na MR fingerprinting with a super-resolution (SR) step to produce seven co-registered quantitative maps (PD, T1, T2 from 1H; TSC, T1, T2short, T2long from 23Na) of the whole brain at 1.5×1.5×5 mm³ resolution acquired in 13 min on seven healthy volunteers at 7 T. The central claim is that simultaneous acquisition ensures exact co-registration while the SR algorithm recovers 23Na detail at the 1H resolution without compromising the quantitative sodium parameter maps.

Significance. If the SR step is shown to be unbiased, MNF would enable joint morphological and ion-homeostasis mapping in a single short scan, with potential value for longitudinal studies of brain physiology and neuropathology. The simultaneous acquisition and multi-nuclear parameter set are novel strengths; however, the absence of direct validation for the SR outputs against independent high-resolution 23Na measurements weakens the quantitative claims for the sodium maps.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and Methods (SR algorithm description)] The SR step is load-bearing for the four sodium maps (TSC, T1, T2short, T2long). The abstract states that SR increases 23Na resolution to match the 1H resolution, yet the method description provides no comparison of SR-reconstructed sodium parameter maps against separately acquired high-resolution 23Na data or against phantoms with known sodium concentrations. Without such a check, any systematic bias or artifact introduced by the SR network would propagate directly into the reported TSC, T1, T2short, and T2long values.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract reports results on seven healthy subjects but does not state whether the quantitative maps were compared to literature values or to conventional separate 1H and 23Na acquisitions in the same cohort.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and for recognizing the novelty of simultaneous 1H/23Na acquisition and the multi-nuclear parameter set. We address the single major comment below and will revise the manuscript to strengthen the validation of the super-resolution component.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and Methods (SR algorithm description)] The SR step is load-bearing for the four sodium maps (TSC, T1, T2short, T2long). The abstract states that SR increases 23Na resolution to match the 1H resolution, yet the method description provides no comparison of SR-reconstructed sodium parameter maps against separately acquired high-resolution 23Na data or against phantoms with known sodium concentrations. Without such a check, any systematic bias or artifact introduced by the SR network would propagate directly into the reported TSC, T1, T2short, and T2long values.

    Authors: We agree that explicit validation of the SR step against independent references is important to rule out systematic bias in the sodium maps. Direct high-resolution 23Na acquisitions are SNR-limited and were not performed in the original study, which is why the SR approach was developed. In the revised manuscript we will add a new subsection to Methods describing (i) numerical simulations with known ground-truth sodium parameter maps and (ii) phantom experiments using solutions of calibrated sodium concentration. These will quantify any residual bias or variance introduced by the SR network on TSC, T1, T2short and T2long, and the results will be reported in Results. This addition directly addresses the referee’s concern while preserving the core claim that simultaneous acquisition guarantees co-registration. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; method development relies on established MRF and SR components without self-referential reduction

full rationale

The abstract and provided context describe MNF as a combination of simultaneous 1H/23Na MRF (a standard dictionary-matching technique) plus a separate SR algorithm to match resolutions. No equations, fitted parameters presented as predictions, or self-citation chains are visible that would make any output equivalent to its inputs by construction. The co-registration advantage follows directly from simultaneous acquisition, not from any derived claim. The reader's assessment of score 2.0 aligns with absence of load-bearing circular steps. This is a typical technical methods paper whose central claims (seven co-registered maps in 13 min) rest on implementation details rather than tautological definitions or renamed fits.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review supplies no equations, fitting procedures, or explicit assumptions beyond the existence of the SR algorithm and the MRF dictionary matching; free parameters, axioms, and invented entities cannot be extracted.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5825 in / 1135 out tokens · 17116 ms · 2026-05-25T05:07:19.513957+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

90 extracted references · 90 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    & Silver, I

    Erecinska, M. & Silver, I. A. Ions and energy in mammalian brain.Progress in Neurobiology43, 37–71 (1994)

    work page 1994

  2. [2]

    Molecular Cell Biology(WH Freeman, 2000)

    Lodish, H.et al. Molecular Cell Biology(WH Freeman, 2000)

    work page 2000

  3. [3]

    CNS energy metabolism as related to function

    Ames III, A. CNS energy metabolism as related to function. Brain Research Reviews34, 42–68 (2000)

    work page 2000

  4. [4]

    Madelin, G.X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging(Jenny Stanford Publishing; 1st edition (March 15, 2022) & CRC Press, Singapore, 2022)

    work page 2022

  5. [5]

    Madelin, G., Lee, J.-S., Regatte, R. R. & Jerschow, A. Sodium MRI: Methods and applications.Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy79, 14–47 (2014)

    work page 2014

  6. [6]

    V., Platt, T., Nagel, A

    Gast, L. V., Platt, T., Nagel, A. M. & Gerhalter, T. Recent technical developments and clinical research-applications of sodium (23Na) MRI.Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy138–139, 51 (2023)

    work page 2023

  7. [7]

    & Kong, X.23Na re- laxometry: An overview of theory and applications.Magnetic Resonance Letters3, 150–174 (2023)

    Song, Y ., Yin, Y ., Chen, Q., Marchetti, A. & Kong, X.23Na re- laxometry: An overview of theory and applications.Magnetic Resonance Letters3, 150–174 (2023)

    work page 2023

  8. [8]

    & Regatte, R

    Madelin, G. & Regatte, R. R. Biomedical applications of sodium MRI in vivo.Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 38, 511–529 (2013)

    work page 2013

  9. [9]

    G.et al.Super-resolution of sodium images from simultaneous 1H MRF/23Na MRI acquisition.NMR in Biomedicinee4959 (2023)

    Rodriguez, G. G.et al.Super-resolution of sodium images from simultaneous 1H MRF/23Na MRI acquisition.NMR in Biomedicinee4959 (2023)

    work page 2023

  10. [10]

    Ma, D.et al.Magnetic resonance fingerprinting.Nature495, 187–192 (2013)

    work page 2013

  11. [11]

    A.et al.Multiparametric imaging with hetero- geneous radiofrequency fields.Nature Communications7, 12445 (2016)

    Cloos, M. A.et al.Multiparametric imaging with hetero- geneous radiofrequency fields.Nature Communications7, 12445 (2016)

    work page 2016

  12. [12]

    Wang, B.et al.A radially interleaved sodium and proton coil array for brain MRI at 7 T.NMR in Biomedicine34, e4608 (2021)

    work page 2021

  13. [13]

    Yu, Z., Madelin, G., Sodickson, D. K. & Cloos, M. A. Si- multaneous proton magnetic resonance fingerprinting and sodium MRI.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine83, 2232– 2242 (2020)

    work page 2020

  14. [14]

    Yu, Z.et al.Simultaneous 3D acquisition of 1H MRF and 23Na MRI.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine87, 2299–2312 (2022)

    work page 2022

  15. [15]

    G.et al.Repeatability of simultaneous 3D 1H MRF/23Na MRI in brain at 7 T.Scientific Reports12, 14156 (2022)

    Rodriguez, G. G.et al.Repeatability of simultaneous 3D 1H MRF/23Na MRI in brain at 7 T.Scientific Reports12, 14156 (2022)

    work page 2022

  16. [16]

    & Caprioli, R

    Van de Plas, R., Y ang, J., Spraggins, J. & Caprioli, R. M. Image fusion of mass spectrometry and microscopy: A mul- timodality paradigm for molecular tissue mapping.Nature Methods12, 366–372 (2015)

    work page 2015

  17. [17]

    Meyerspeer, M.et al.Simultaneous and interleaved acquisi- tion of NMR signals from different nuclei with a clinical MRI scanner.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine76, 1636–1641 (2016)

    work page 2016

  18. [18]

    L., Carlier, P

    Lopez Kolkovsky, A. L., Carlier, P . G., Marty, B. & Meyerspeer, M. Interleaved and simultaneous multi-nuclear magnetic reso- nance in vivo. Review of principles, applications and potential. NMR in Biomedicine35, e4735 (2022)

    work page 2022

  19. [19]

    & Milanfar, P

    Romano, Y ., Elad, M. & Milanfar, P . The little engine that could: Regularization by denoising (RED).SIAM Journal on 12 Imaging Sciences10, 1804–1844 (2017)

    work page 2017

  20. [20]

    & Xiaohua, Z

    Qiusheng, L., Xiaoyu, F ., Baoshun, S. & Xiaohua, Z. Com- pressed sensing MRI based on the hybrid regularization by denoising and the epigraph projection.Signal Processing 170, 107444 (2020)

    work page 2020

  21. [21]

    J., Wylezinska, M., Hugg, J

    Ordidge, R. J., Wylezinska, M., Hugg, J. W., Butterworth, E. & Franconi, F . Frequency offset corrected inversion (FOCI) pulses for use in localized spectroscopy.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine36, 562–566 (1996)

    work page 1996

  22. [22]

    InPro- ceedings of the Annual Meeting of the ISMRM, 3306 (2023)

    O’Donnell, L.et al.Mapping sodium relaxation parameters in brain using magnetic resonance fingerprinting at 7T. InPro- ceedings of the Annual Meeting of the ISMRM, 3306 (2023)

    work page 2023

  23. [23]

    F .et al.Correlation-weighted 23Na magnetic resonance fingerprinting in the brain.NMR in Biomedicine 38, e70150 (2025)

    O’Donnell, L. F .et al.Correlation-weighted 23Na magnetic resonance fingerprinting in the brain.NMR in Biomedicine 38, e70150 (2025)

    work page 2025

  24. [24]

    P ., Weiger, M., Börnert, P

    Pruessmann, K. P ., Weiger, M., Börnert, P . & Boesiger, P . Advances in sensitivity encoding with arbitrary k-space tra- jectories.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine46, 638–651 (2001)

    work page 2001

  25. [25]

    Cao, X.et al.Robust sliding-window reconstruction for ac- celerating the acquisition of MR fingerprinting.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine78, 1579–1588 (2017)

    work page 2017

  26. [26]

    Extended phase graphs: dephasing, RF pulses, and echoes-pure and simple.Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging41, 266–295 (2015)

    Weigel, M. Extended phase graphs: dephasing, RF pulses, and echoes-pure and simple.Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging41, 266–295 (2015)

    work page 2015

  27. [27]

    & Stollberger, R

    Knoll, F ., Bredies, K., Pock, T. & Stollberger, R. Second order total generalized variation (TGV) for MRI.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine65, 480–491 (2011)

    work page 2011

  28. [28]

    J.et al.3D sodium ( 23Na) magnetic resonance fin- gerprinting for time-efficient relaxometric mapping.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine86, 2412–2425 (2021)

    Kratzer, F . J.et al.3D sodium ( 23Na) magnetic resonance fin- gerprinting for time-efficient relaxometric mapping.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine86, 2412–2425 (2021)

    work page 2021

  29. [29]

    Ashburner, J.et al.SPM12 manual.Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK2464(2014)

    work page 2014

  30. [30]

    & Ridgway, G

    Ashburner, J. & Ridgway, G. R. Symmetric diffeomorphic mod- eling of longitudinal structural MRI.Frontiers in Neuroscience 6, 197 (2013)

    work page 2013

  31. [31]

    Y .et al.Osteogenesis imperfecta and the eye

    Chau, F . Y .et al.Osteogenesis imperfecta and the eye. In Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 289–303 (Elsevier, 2014)

    work page 2014

  32. [32]

    V., Dick, A

    Forrester, J. V., Dick, A. D., McMenamin, P . G., Roberts, F . & Pearlman, E.The eye: basic sciences in practice(Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015)

    work page 2015

  33. [33]

    & Listerud, J

    Axel, L., Costantini, J. & Listerud, J. Intensity correction in surface-coil MR imaging.American Journal of Roentgenology 148, 418–420 (1987)

    work page 1987

  34. [34]

    Kokavec, J.et al.Biochemical analysis of the living human vitreous.Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology44, 597–609 (2016)

    work page 2016

  35. [35]

    S., Thomasson, D

    Winkler, S. S., Thomasson, D. M., Sherwood, K. & Perman, W. H. Regional T2 and sodium concentration estimates in the normal human brain by sodium-23 MR imaging at 1.5 T.Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography13, 561–566 (1989)

    work page 1989

  36. [36]

    Adlung, A.et al.Quantification of tissue sodium concentration in the ischemic stroke: A comparison between external and internal references for 23Na MRI.Journal of Neuroscience Methods382, 109721 (2022)

    work page 2022

  37. [37]

    G.et al.A new design and rationale for 3D orthogo- nally oversampled k-space trajectories.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine66, 1303–1311 (2011)

    Pipe, J. G.et al.A new design and rationale for 3D orthogo- nally oversampled k-space trajectories.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine66, 1303–1311 (2011)

    work page 2011

  38. [38]

    Fessler, J. A. On NUFFT -based gridding for non-Cartesian MRI.Journal of Magnetic Resonance188, 191–195 (2007)

    work page 2007

  39. [39]

    Pipe, J. G. & Menon, P . Sampling density compensation in MRI: rationale and an iterative numerical solution.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine41, 179–186 (1999)

    work page 1999

  40. [40]

    Bydder, M., Larkman, D. J. & Hajnal, J. V. Combination of signals from array coils using image-based estimation of coil sensitivity profiles.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine47, 539– 548 (2002)

    work page 2002

  41. [41]

    & Tu, D.The jackknife and bootstrap(Springer Science & Business Media, 2012)

    Shao, J. & Tu, D.The jackknife and bootstrap(Springer Science & Business Media, 2012)

    work page 2012

  42. [42]

    Efron, B.The jackknife, the bootstrap and other resampling plans(SIAM, 1982)

    work page 1982

  43. [43]

    M., Koken, P ., Webb, A

    Koolstra, K., Beenakker, J.-W. M., Koken, P ., Webb, A. & Börnert, P . Cartesian MR fingerprinting in the eye at 7T using compressed sensing and matrix completion-based recon- structions.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine81, 2551–2565 (2019)

    work page 2019

  44. [44]

    Richdale, K.et al.7 Tesla MR imaging of the human eye in vivo.Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging30, 924–932 (2009)

    work page 2009

  45. [45]

    D.et al.Magnetic field and tissue dependencies of human brain longitudinal 1H2O relaxation in vivo.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine57, 308–318 (2007)

    Rooney, W. D.et al.Magnetic field and tissue dependencies of human brain longitudinal 1H2O relaxation in vivo.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine57, 308–318 (2007)

    work page 2007

  46. [46]

    P .et al.MP2RAGE, a self bias-field corrected sequence for improved segmentation and T1-mapping at high field.NeuroImage49, 1271–1281 (2010)

    Marques, J. P .et al.MP2RAGE, a self bias-field corrected sequence for improved segmentation and T1-mapping at high field.NeuroImage49, 1271–1281 (2010)

    work page 2010

  47. [47]

    Wright, P .et al.Water proton T 1 measurements in brain tissue at 7, 3, and 1.5 T using IR-EPI, IR-TSE, and MPRAGE: results and optimization.Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine21, 121–130 (2008)

    work page 2008

  48. [48]

    W.et al.MP2RAGEME: T 1, T2*, and QSM mapping in one sequence at 7 tesla.Human Brain Mapping40, 1786– 1798 (2019)

    Caan, M. W.et al.MP2RAGEME: T 1, T2*, and QSM mapping in one sequence at 7 tesla.Human Brain Mapping40, 1786– 1798 (2019)

    work page 2019

  49. [49]

    Dieringer, M. A.et al.Rapid parametric mapping of the longitudinal relaxation time T1 using two-dimensional variable flip angle magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 Tesla, 3 Tesla, and 7 Tesla.PLoS One9, e91318 (2014)

    work page 2014

  50. [50]

    Magnetic Resonance in Medicine84, 3286–3299 (2020)

    Leroi, L.et al.Simultaneous proton density, T 1, T 2, and flip-angle mapping of the brain at 7 T using multiparametric 3D SSFP imaging and parallel-transmission universal pulses. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine84, 3286–3299 (2020)

    work page 2020

  51. [51]

    Emmerich, J.et al.Rapid and accurate dictionary-based T2 mapping from multi-echo turbo spin echo data at 7 Tesla.Jour- nal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging49, 1253–1262 (2019)

    work page 2019

  52. [52]

    & Maudsley, A

    Sabati, M. & Maudsley, A. A. Fast and high-resolution quanti- tative mapping of tissue water content with full brain coverage for clinically-driven studies.Magnetic Resonance Imaging31, 1752–1759 (2013)

    work page 2013

  53. [53]

    & Shah, N

    Neeb, H., Ermer, V., Stocker, T. & Shah, N. J. Fast quantitative mapping of absolute water content with full brain coverage. NeuroImage42, 1094–1109 (2008)

    work page 2008

  54. [54]

    & Shah, N

    Abbas, Z., Gras, V., Möllenhoff, K., Oros-Peusquens, A.-M. & Shah, N. J. Quantitative water content mapping at clinically relevant field strengths: a comparative study at 1.5 T and 3 T. NeuroImage106, 404–413 (2015)

    work page 2015

  55. [55]

    & Deichmann, R

    Volz, S., Nöth, U. & Deichmann, R. Correction of system- 13 atic errors in quantitative proton density mapping.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine68, 74–85 (2012)

    work page 2012

  56. [56]

    & Wandell, B

    Mezer, A., Rokem, A., Berman, S., Hastie, T. & Wandell, B. A. Evaluating quantitative proton-density-mapping meth- ods. Tech. Rep., Wiley Online Library (2016)

    work page 2016

  57. [57]

    Tofts, P . S. PD: Proton density of tissue water.Quantitative MRI of the brain: Measuring changes caused by disease 83–109 (2003)

    work page 2003

  58. [58]

    J., Abbas, Z., Ridder, D., Zimmermann, M

    Shah, N. J., Abbas, Z., Ridder, D., Zimmermann, M. & Oros- Peusquens, A.-M. A novel MRI-based quantitative water content atlas of the human brain.NeuroImage252, 119014 (2022)

    work page 2022

  59. [59]

    C., Hoffmann, J., Shajan, G., Pohmann, R

    Mirkes, C. C., Hoffmann, J., Shajan, G., Pohmann, R. & Scheffler, K. High-resolution quantitative sodium imaging at 9.4 Tesla.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine73, 342–351 (2015)

    work page 2015

  60. [60]

    A., Shymanskaya, A

    Worthoff, W. A., Shymanskaya, A. & Shah, N. J. Relaxome- try and quantification in simultaneously acquired single and triple quantum filtered sodium MRI.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine81, 303–315 (2019)

    work page 2019

  61. [61]

    Kolodny, N.et al.A feasibility study of 23Na magnetic res- onance imaging of human and rabbit vitreal disorders.In- vestigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science34, 1917–1922 (1993)

    work page 1917

  62. [62]

    J.et al.Magnetic resonance imaging determination of 23Na visibility and T 2 * in the vitreous body.Journal of Magnetic Resonance82, 505–517 (1989)

    Kohler, S. J.et al.Magnetic resonance imaging determination of 23Na visibility and T 2 * in the vitreous body.Journal of Magnetic Resonance82, 505–517 (1989)

    work page 1989

  63. [63]

    W., Glonek, T., Minshew, N

    Pettegrew, J. W., Glonek, T., Minshew, N. J. & Woessner, D. E. Sodium-23 NMR of intact bovine lens and vitreous humor. Journal of Magnetic Resonance63, 439–444 (1985)

    work page 1985

  64. [64]

    J.et al.Sodium relaxometry using 23Na MR fingerprinting: A proof of concept.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine84, 2577–2591 (2020)

    Kratzer, F . J.et al.Sodium relaxometry using 23Na MR fingerprinting: A proof of concept.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine84, 2577–2591 (2020)

    work page 2020

  65. [65]

    Lommen, J. M.et al.Probing the microscopic environment of 23Na ions in brain tissue by MRI: on the accuracy of different sampling schemes for the determination of rapid, biexponen- tial decay at low signal-to-noise ratio.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine80, 571–584 (2018)

    work page 2018

  66. [66]

    Fleysher, L., Oesingmann, N., Stoeckel, B., Grossman, R. I. & Inglese, M. Sodium long-component T2 * mapping in human brain at 7 Tesla.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine62, 1338– 1341 (2009)

    work page 2009

  67. [67]

    Blunck, Y .et al.3D-multi-echo radial imaging of 23Na (3D- MERINA) for time-efficient multi-parameter tissue compart- ment mapping.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine79, 1950– 1961 (2018)

    work page 1950

  68. [68]

    Niesporek, S. C.et al.Improved T 2 * determination in 23Na, 35Cl, and 17O MRI using iterative partial volume correction based on 1H MRI segmentation.Magnetic Resonance Mate- rials in Physics, Biology and Medicine30, 519–536 (2017)

    work page 2017

  69. [69]

    S., Wheeler-Kingshott, C

    Riemer, F ., Solanky, B. S., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. & Golay, X. Bi-exponential 23Na T2* component analysis in the human brain.NMR in Biomedicine31, e3899 (2018)

    work page 2018

  70. [70]

    Ridley, B.et al.Distribution of brain sodium long and short relaxation times and concentrations: a multi-echo ultra-high field 23Na MRI study.Scientific Reports8, 4357 (2018)

    work page 2018

  71. [71]

    & Nonino, F

    Ridley, B., Morsillo, F ., Zaaraoui, W. & Nonino, F . Variability by region and method in human brain sodium concentrations estimated by 23Na magnetic resonance imaging: A meta- analysis.Scientific Reports13, 3222 (2023)

    work page 2023

  72. [72]

    Gilles, A., Nagel, A. M. & Madelin, G. Multipulse sodium mag- netic resonance imaging for multicompartment quantification: Proof-of-concept.Scientific Reports7, 17435 (2017)

    work page 2017

  73. [73]

    Inglese, M.et al.Brain tissue sodium concentration in multiple sclerosis: a sodium imaging study at 3 tesla.Brain133, 847– 857 (2010)

    work page 2010

  74. [74]

    Gerhalter, T.et al.Global decrease in brain sodium concen- tration after mild traumatic brain injury.Brain Communications 3, fcab051 (2021)

    work page 2021

  75. [75]

    M.et al.Cerebral sodium ( 23Na) magnetic res- onance imaging in patients with migraine—a case-control study.European Radiology29, 7055–7062 (2019)

    Meyer, M. M.et al.Cerebral sodium ( 23Na) magnetic res- onance imaging in patients with migraine—a case-control study.European Radiology29, 7055–7062 (2019)

    work page 2019

  76. [76]

    M.et al.Repeatability and reproducibility of cere- bral 23 Na imaging in healthy subjects.BMC Medical Imaging 19, 1–7 (2019)

    Meyer, M. M.et al.Repeatability and reproducibility of cere- bral 23 Na imaging in healthy subjects.BMC Medical Imaging 19, 1–7 (2019)

    work page 2019

  77. [77]

    Bhatia, A.et al.Quantitative Sodium ( 23Na) MRI in Pediatric Gliomas: Initial Experience.Diagnostics12, 1223 (2022)

    work page 2022

  78. [78]

    Petracca, M.et al.Brain intra-and extracellular sodium con- centration in multiple sclerosis: a 7 T MRI study.Brain139, 795–806 (2016)

    work page 2016

  79. [79]

    Haeger, A.et al.3T sodium MR imaging in Alzheimer’s disease shows stage-dependent sodium increase influenced by age and local brain volume.NeuroImage: Clinical36, 103274 (2022)

    work page 2022

  80. [80]

    C.et al.Partial volume correction for in vivo 23Na-MRI data of the human brain.NeuroImage112, 353– 363 (2015)

    Niesporek, S. C.et al.Partial volume correction for in vivo 23Na-MRI data of the human brain.NeuroImage112, 353– 363 (2015)

    work page 2015

Showing first 80 references.