Instability Caused by Integration of IBRs under Strong Grid Connections -- A Practical Case Study on Large-scale Energy Storage Systems

Peng Li; Qiang Fu; Siqi Bu; Tong Wang; Zijun Bin

arxiv: 2606.17568 · v1 · pith:EOJU4Y2Jnew · submitted 2026-06-16 · 📡 eess.SY · cs.SY

Instability Caused by Integration of IBRs under Strong Grid Connections -- A Practical Case Study on Large-scale Energy Storage Systems

Qiang Fu , Siqi Bu , Zijun Bin , Peng Li , Tong Wang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 23:19 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SY cs.SY

keywords inverter-based resourcesenergy storage systemsstrong grid connectionsoscillationspower conversion systemsreactive power supportsystem instabilityd-q coordinates

0 comments

The pith

Large-scale energy storage systems can trigger instability under strong grid connections through interactions among their power conversion systems.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates that inverter-based resources like energy storage systems can produce instability even when connected to strong grids, contrary to the common view that weak grids are the main source of converter-driven problems. In a practical case, multiple ESS units induce 150 Hz oscillations in the d-q frame while supplying both capacitive and inductive reactive power. Theoretical analysis shows that dynamic interactions among the individual power conversion systems superimpose and grow stronger as the total number of units increases, which lowers the system's oscillation damping. This leads to loss of stability. The work identifies scale as a key driver and points to control-loop design as a factor that must be checked for large IBR deployments.

Core claim

Under strong grid connections, the dynamic interactions among power conversion systems of ESSs can be superimposed and intensified as the ESS scale extends, which reduces oscillation damping and leads to system instability. This is observed as 150 Hz oscillations in the d-q coordinates when the systems provide reactive power support through their functional control loops.

What carries the argument

Superposition and intensification of dynamic interactions among multiple PCS units in an expanding ESS array, which progressively reduces damping.

If this is right

ESS functional control loops carry instability risks even when supplying reactive power support to the grid.
The total number of IBR units must be treated as a stability parameter under strong-grid conditions.
Mitigation requires examination of major impact factors such as unit count and control-loop tuning.
Stability assessment for IBR-dominated systems must extend beyond traditional weak-grid criteria.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Similar scaling effects could appear in other IBR fleets such as solar or wind farms when their aggregate size grows under strong grids.
New planning rules may be needed that set upper limits on IBR cluster size based on interaction damping rather than short-circuit ratio alone.
Control designs that decouple individual PCS dynamics at the design stage could prevent the superposition effect before deployment.

Load-bearing premise

The observed 150 Hz oscillations and instability arise specifically from the scaling of interactions among the PCS units rather than from other unmodeled dynamics or control settings.

What would settle it

A controlled test in which the number of identical ESS units is increased while grid strength, control parameters, and reactive-power commands are held fixed; if the 150 Hz mode remains stable, the scaling-interaction claim is falsified.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.17568 by Peng Li, Qiang Fu, Siqi Bu, Tong Wang, Zijun Bin.

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Illustration of stability analysis scheme under confidentiality constraints. The stability analysis of the oscillation involves three key stakeholders: the ESS manufacturer, the power grid company, and the research institution. The ESS manufacturer cannot fully disclose control configurations and parameters to the power grid company and the research institution, as such information is core intellectual pro… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

It has been well known that inverter-based resources (IBRs) can lead to converter-driven stability issues under weak grid connections. However, as the number of IBRs increases, instabilities can also occur even under strong grid connections. A practical case is presented to demonstrate this conclusion, using large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) as an example. In this study, the ESSs induce oscillations with a frequency of 150 Hz in the d-q coordinates while providing both capacitive and inductive reactive power support (achieved by ESS functional control loops) to the connected power system. Theoretical analysis reveals that under strong grid connections, the dynamic interactions among power conversion systems (PCSs) of ESSs can be superimposed and intensified as the ESS scale extends, which reduces oscillation damping and leads to system instability. This indicates that ESS functional control loops also have potential instability risks when providing supports to power systems, which should be carefully examined. Finally, major impact factors are identified to mitigate the oscillations, and the conclusions are validated based on the SIMULINK platform. This paper provides valuable practical insights into system instabilities even under strong grid conditions, emphasizing the importance of functional control design and careful planning of the scale for IBR-dominated systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Case study finds 150 Hz oscillations in scaled ESS under strong grids from PCS interactions, backed by simulation but with thin derivation on the scale mechanism.

read the letter

The main point is that this paper presents a practical ESS example where adding more units triggers instability at 150 Hz even on a strong grid. The authors attribute it to dynamic interactions among the power conversion systems that superimpose and cut damping as scale grows, while the systems supply reactive power support.

What is new is the move from the standard weak-grid IBR story to strong-grid conditions. They combine theoretical analysis of the interactions with SIMULINK runs that reproduce the oscillations and then identify impact factors for mitigation. The work stays grounded in a concrete setup rather than abstract theory.

The soft spot sits in the theoretical step. The abstract states that interactions intensify with ESS count and reduce damping, yet gives no equations or small-signal model showing how the interaction term grows with unit number or why 150 Hz appears specifically from superposition. If the result hinges on identical controllers or particular parameter choices, the scale effect could be narrower than claimed. The stress-test concern about unmodeled dynamics or control-loop origins holds until the full derivation is checked.

Power-system engineers sizing large storage installations would get the most from this. It flags a planning risk that might otherwise be missed. The paper engages the existing IBR literature directly and avoids circular claims.

I would bring it to a reading group to walk through the model assumptions. I would not cite it in my own work in the next year. It deserves peer review because the practical observations are relevant and the authors have done the simulation legwork; referees can press on the mechanism details.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a practical case study on large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) demonstrating that instabilities can arise under strong grid connections. It claims that dynamic interactions among power conversion systems (PCSs) superimpose and intensify with increasing ESS scale, reducing oscillation damping and producing 150 Hz oscillations in the d-q frame during reactive power support via functional control loops. Theoretical analysis is used to explain the mechanism, major impact factors are identified for mitigation, and conclusions are validated through SIMULINK simulations.

Significance. If the scale-dependent interaction mechanism is substantiated, the work is significant for highlighting stability risks in IBR-dominated systems even under strong grids, an area less explored than weak-grid issues. The practical ESS example and simulation-based validation provide useful engineering insights into functional control design and scale planning. However, the absence of explicit derivations or parameter-free results limits the strength of the generality claim.

major comments (2)

[Theoretical Analysis] Theoretical Analysis section: the central claim that PCS interactions superimpose and reduce damping as ESS count grows requires an explicit small-signal model or equations showing the scaling of the interaction term with unit number and the emergence of the 150 Hz mode; without these, it is not possible to confirm that the observed instability arises from superposition rather than from the reactive-power control loops or chosen parameters themselves.
[Simulation validation] Simulation validation section: the reported 150 Hz oscillations and instability are shown for a specific ESS scale and set of control parameters; no sensitivity analysis is presented demonstrating that the damping reduction persists when grid strength, controller gains, or unit heterogeneity are varied, which is load-bearing for the claim that the effect is general to scale extension under strong grids.

minor comments (2)

The abstract states that 'major impact factors are identified' but does not cross-reference the specific section or table where these factors and their mitigation effects are quantified.
Notation for d-q frame quantities and the definition of 'strong grid' (e.g., short-circuit ratio threshold) should be stated explicitly at first use to improve clarity for readers outside the immediate subfield.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which help clarify the presentation of our theoretical analysis and validation. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript accordingly to strengthen the claims.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Theoretical Analysis] Theoretical Analysis section: the central claim that PCS interactions superimpose and reduce damping as ESS count grows requires an explicit small-signal model or equations showing the scaling of the interaction term with unit number and the emergence of the 150 Hz mode; without these, it is not possible to confirm that the observed instability arises from superposition rather than from the reactive-power control loops or chosen parameters themselves.

Authors: We agree that an explicit small-signal model would strengthen the theoretical section. The current manuscript provides a qualitative description of the superposition mechanism based on the PCS dynamics under strong grids, but does not include the full linearized state-space equations or the scaling of the interaction term with unit number. In the revision, we will add the small-signal model derivation, including the aggregated admittance matrix for N units and the eigenvalue analysis demonstrating the 150 Hz mode emergence as N increases. This will confirm the instability originates from the superimposed interactions. revision: yes
Referee: [Simulation validation] Simulation validation section: the reported 150 Hz oscillations and instability are shown for a specific ESS scale and set of control parameters; no sensitivity analysis is presented demonstrating that the damping reduction persists when grid strength, controller gains, or unit heterogeneity are varied, which is load-bearing for the claim that the effect is general to scale extension under strong grids.

Authors: We acknowledge the value of sensitivity analysis for supporting generality. The manuscript validates the mechanism for the base case with homogeneous units and fixed parameters, but does not vary grid strength (SCR), gains, or introduce heterogeneity. In the revision, we will add simulation cases showing damping reduction and instability onset as scale increases across a range of SCR values (e.g., 5-20), gain variations within stable ranges, and heterogeneous control parameters among units. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: modeling and simulation chain is self-contained

full rationale

The paper presents a practical case study using system modeling of ESS PCS interactions under strong grids, followed by theoretical analysis of superposition effects as scale increases and SIMULINK validation. No equations or steps reduce by construction to fitted parameters, self-defined quantities, or self-citation chains. The derivation of 150 Hz instability from scale-dependent damping reduction rests on independent small-signal modeling and simulation, not on renaming or importing uniqueness from prior author work. This is the normal non-circular outcome for a modeling paper.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper relies on standard power system modeling assumptions for IBR dynamics and grid strength; no free parameters, new axioms, or invented entities are described in the abstract.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Standard models of power conversion systems and grid connections accurately capture the dynamic interactions that lead to observed oscillations.
The theoretical analysis and conclusions depend on these models being representative of real behavior.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5765 in / 1234 out tokens · 53600 ms · 2026-06-26T23:19:01.895111+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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