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Apollo: A Lightweight Multilingual Medical LLM towards Democratizing Medical AI to 6B People

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arxiv 2403.03640 v6 pith:FMFAJLKB submitted 2024-03-06 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords medicalmodelsmultilingualbenchmarkapollogloballanguagesllms
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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Despite the vast repository of global medical knowledge predominantly being in English, local languages are crucial for delivering tailored healthcare services, particularly in areas with limited medical resources. To extend the reach of medical AI advancements to a broader population, we aim to develop medical LLMs across the six most widely spoken languages, encompassing a global population of 6.1 billion. This effort culminates in the creation of the ApolloCorpora multilingual medical dataset and the XMedBench benchmark. In the multilingual medical benchmark, the released Apollo models, at various relatively-small sizes (i.e., 0.5B, 1.8B, 2B, 6B, and 7B), achieve the best performance among models of equivalent size. Especially, Apollo-7B is the state-of-the-art multilingual medical LLMs up to 70B. Additionally, these lite models could be used to improve the multi-lingual medical capabilities of larger models without fine-tuning in a proxy-tuning fashion. We will open-source training corpora, code, model weights and evaluation benchmark.

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Forward citations

Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    cs.CV 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.5 of 10

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  2. INCLUDE: Evaluating Multilingual Language Understanding with Regional Knowledge

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    INCLUDE is a multilingual benchmark of 197,243 exam questions from local sources that evaluates how well LLMs handle regional and cultural knowledge.

  3. Bridging Language Barriers in Healthcare: A Study on Arabic LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    The optimal Arabic-English training-data ratio for a medical LLM varies by task, and fine-tuning alone does not reliably improve Arabic clinical performance.

  4. The Rise of Small Language Models in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Survey

    cs.CL 2025-04 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A comprehensive survey of small language models in healthcare, with a taxonomy of building, adapting, and compressing them for clinical NLP tasks.

  5. Multimodal Large Language Models for Medicine: A Comprehensive Survey

    cs.LG 2025-04 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review cataloging medical MLLMs, their uses in report generation, diagnosis, and treatment, and the challenges of accuracy, hallucination, fairness, privacy, and deployment.

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