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arxiv: 2606.09072 · v1 · pith:KRH6YQWSnew · submitted 2026-06-08 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.SR

CORALIE radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES) V. Three planetary companions and achievable precision

P. Figueira (1 , 2) , E. Fontanet (2) , J. P. Faria (2) , M. Esseldeurs (3) , E. Friden (2) , A. Leleu (2) , R. Luque (1)
show 17 more authors
G. Ottoni (2) D. S\'egransan (2) M. Stalport (4 5) S. Tavella (2 6) S. Udry (2) ((1) Instituto de Astrof\'isica de Andaluc\'ia-CSIC (2) Observatoire Astronomique de l Universit\'e de Gen\`eve (3) Instituut voor Sterrenkunde KU Leuven (4) Space sciences Technologies Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute (5) Astrobiology Research Unit Universit\'e de Li\`ege (6) European Southern Observatory Chile)
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 15:08 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR
keywords exoplanetsradial velocityevolved starsred giantsplanetary systemsstellar activity
0
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The pith

Three planetary companions are identified around two low-luminosity red giant stars through long-term radial velocity observations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents an analysis of radial velocity measurements spanning 15 to 18 years for three evolved stars. Signals consistent with Keplerian orbits are detected in two of the stars, corresponding to one planet around one star and two planets around the other. The third star's signal is linked to stellar activity instead. An observing strategy is tested that averages out pulsations to achieve precision below 5 meters per second in low-luminosity giants. This adds to the census of planets around massive evolved hosts in a sparsely populated area of parameter space.

Core claim

Signals accurately modelled by Keplerian curves are detected in the radial velocity data, leading to the identification of a 2.26 Jupiter-mass planet on an 850-day orbit around one star and a pair of 0.66 and 0.78 Jupiter-mass planets on 535-day and 834-day orbits around another, while the signal on the third star is attributed to stellar activity.

What carries the argument

Bayesian inference applied to radial velocity time series to fit Keplerian models, cross-checked with stellar activity indicators, along with a dedicated observing strategy to mitigate pulsation effects.

If this is right

  • Planets with minimum masses from 0.66 to 2.26 Jupiter masses exist around low-luminosity red giants at orbital periods of several hundred days.
  • The region of parameter space combining high stellar mass and moderate orbital periods gains additional entries.
  • Stellar pulsations in low-luminosity giant stars can be reduced to below 5 m/s through appropriate observing cadence.
  • Radial velocity searches can continue to yield planet detections around evolved stars when activity is properly accounted for.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This approach may be extended to additional evolved stars to further populate the census of their planetary systems.
  • Confirmation of these signals with independent radial velocity instruments would provide stronger evidence for the planetary nature.
  • The results suggest that planet formation or survival mechanisms around stars more massive than the Sun can produce companions at these separations.

Load-bearing premise

The fitted periodic signals in the radial velocity data originate from orbiting planets rather than from stellar activity or intrinsic pulsations.

What would settle it

A strong correlation between the radial velocity periods and any of the measured stellar activity indicators such as line bisector or chromospheric activity would indicate the signals are not planetary.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.09072 by 2), (2) Observatoire Astronomique de l Universit\'e de Gen\`eve, (3) Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, (4) Space sciences, 5), (5) Astrobiology Research Unit, 6), (6) European Southern Observatory, A. Leleu (2), Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Chile), D. S\'egransan (2), E. Fontanet (2), E. Friden (2), G. Ottoni (2), J. P. Faria (2), KU Leuven, M. Esseldeurs (3), M. Stalport (4, P. Figueira (1, R. Luque (1), S. Tavella (2, S. Udry (2) ((1) Instituto de Astrof\'isica de Andaluc\'ia-CSIC, Technologies, Universit\'e de Li\`ege.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Hertzsprung–Russell (left) and Kiel (right) diagrams for the CASCADES stars (red dots) and the three stars analysed in this work (orange stars), against the Gaia DR3 sample (gray dots). forms a post-processing calculation of Hα activity index. The in￾dex is calculated over a narrow wavelength region, following the prescription and wavelength limits defined in Cincunegui et al. (2007) and Boisse et al. (200… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Timeseries of RV and activity indicators: FWHM, contrast, BIS, and H [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: GLS periodogram of RV, FWHM, contrast, BIS, H [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Radar chart of the correlation between RV and each of the indicators, for the three stars studied in the paper. The filled and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Phase plot and residuals as a function of mean anomaly [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Phase plot and residuals as a function of mean anomaly [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Semi-major axis of planetary orbit and stellar radius [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Compatibility limits for the three stars studied, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Mass-Period diagram for RV-characterized exoplanets ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_10.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Aims. We expand the planetary census around massive stellar hosts through a long-term campaign of high-precision radial velocity (RV) measurements on evolved stars. Methods. We analyse data acquired with the CORALIE spectrograph covering 15-18 years on HD125136, HD127195, and HD220218. Stellar parameters are derived through different methods for a comprehensive characterization of each star. We then evaluate the presence of planetary signals in the RV time series using the Bayesian inference tool kima. Finally, we design an observing strategy aimed at mitigating the impact of pulsations on evolved stars and test its effectiveness on the low-luminosity red giant HD127195. Results. We detect signals that are accurately modelled by Keplerian curves in the RV data of the three stars: one on HD 125136, two on HD 127195, and one on HD 220218. While the signals on the first two stars seem to be of planetary origin, the signal on the third one shows several signs of stellar activity. We therefore identify a planetary companion around HD125136 with a minimum mass of 2.26 MJup on an 850 d orbit, and on HD127195 we identify a system composed of planets with 0.66 MJup and 0.78 MJup with orbital periods of 535 d and 834 d, respectively. Conclusions. We detect three massive planets around two low-luminosity red giant stars in a region of the parameter space that is poorly populated in both stellar mass and planetary orbital periods. The dedicated observing campaign on HD127195 showcases how stellar pulsations can be efficiently averaged out to below 5 m/s in low-luminosity giant stars.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports long-term CORALIE radial-velocity observations (15-18 yr) of three evolved stars. Using the kima Bayesian tool, the authors identify one Keplerian signal around HD 125136 (P=850 d, m sin i = 2.26 M_Jup), two signals around HD 127195 (P=535 d and 834 d, m sin i = 0.66 and 0.78 M_Jup), and one signal around HD 220218 that they attribute to stellar activity. They also present and test an observing strategy to average out pulsations on the low-luminosity red giant HD 127195, claiming residual jitter below 5 m/s.

Significance. If the planetary assignments are robust, the detections populate a sparsely sampled region of parameter space (massive planets at long periods around evolved hosts). The demonstrated pulsation-averaging strategy offers a practical, low-cost method that could be adopted by other RV surveys of giants.

major comments (2)
  1. [kima analysis and activity-indicator section] The central claim that the 850 d, 535 d and 834 d signals are planetary rests on activity indicators (BIS, FWHM, log R'_HK) showing no matching periodicity. No joint multi-indicator model or Gaussian-process framework is described that would quantify the residual probability of a stellar origin once the pure-Keplerian model is subtracted; this step is load-bearing for evolved-star RV work.
  2. [Observing-strategy test on HD 127195] For HD 127195 the observing strategy is shown to suppress short-term pulsational jitter to <5 m/s, yet the text does not demonstrate that the same cadence and averaging also suppress longer-term convective or activity-induced signals at the 535 d and 834 d periods that are being claimed as planets.
minor comments (2)
  1. Add a table listing the exact number of epochs, time baseline, and median uncertainty for each star.
  2. Clarify which stellar-parameter derivation method (spectroscopic, photometric, or isochrone) is adopted for the final mass and radius values used in the minimum-mass calculation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive report and the opportunity to clarify our analysis. We address each major comment below, proposing targeted revisions where they strengthen the manuscript without altering our core conclusions.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [kima analysis and activity-indicator section] The central claim that the 850 d, 535 d and 834 d signals are planetary rests on activity indicators (BIS, FWHM, log R'_HK) showing no matching periodicity. No joint multi-indicator model or Gaussian-process framework is described that would quantify the residual probability of a stellar origin once the pure-Keplerian model is subtracted; this step is load-bearing for evolved-star RV work.

    Authors: We agree that a joint multi-indicator model would provide a more quantitative bound on residual stellar activity. Our current analysis relies on kima's Bayesian model comparison (Keplerian vs. noise-only) plus the absence of matching periodicities or strong correlations in the activity indicators. While this is standard for many RV papers on giants, we acknowledge the referee's point on evolved-star work. In revision we will add a dedicated subsection with Spearman-rank correlations between RV and each indicator (after subtracting the best-fit Keplerians) and a brief discussion of why a full joint GP was not pursued; we will also note this as a limitation for future work. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Observing-strategy test on HD 127195] For HD 127195 the observing strategy is shown to suppress short-term pulsational jitter to <5 m/s, yet the text does not demonstrate that the same cadence and averaging also suppress longer-term convective or activity-induced signals at the 535 d and 834 d periods that are being claimed as planets.

    Authors: The strategy was designed and tested exclusively to mitigate short-term pulsations (hours to days). The <5 m/s residual is measured on those short timescales; it is not claimed to suppress convective or activity signals at hundreds of days. The 535 d and 834 d signals are instead validated by the lack of matching periods or correlations in the activity indicators over the full 15–18 yr baseline. We will revise the relevant section to state this distinction explicitly and to clarify that long-term activity is addressed via the indicator analysis rather than the averaging cadence. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: planetary parameters obtained by direct Bayesian fitting of RV time series

full rationale

The paper reports observational results from applying the kima tool to CORALIE RV data on three stars, followed by activity-indicator checks to assign planetary origin. No equations, fitted parameters, or claims reduce by construction to self-defined quantities, prior self-citations, or renamed inputs. The central detections (periods, amplitudes, minimum masses) are outputs of the fitting procedure applied to the time series, not inputs redefined as predictions. Self-citations are absent from the load-bearing steps described. This is a standard direct-fitting analysis with an interpretive step on stellar vs. planetary origin that does not create circularity under the defined criteria.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The detections rest on the assumption that the dominant RV variation is Keplerian (planetary or activity-induced) and on the accuracy of the stellar parameters used to convert minimum masses; both are standard domain assumptions rather than new postulates.

free parameters (1)
  • Keplerian orbital elements (period, semi-amplitude, eccentricity, argument of periastron)
    Fitted directly to the RV time series via kima; these are the quantities that define the reported minimum masses and periods.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption RV time series can be decomposed into Keplerian signals plus noise and activity terms that kima can separate
    Invoked when the authors model the data as Keplerian curves and attribute one signal to activity.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 6040 in / 1303 out tokens · 32794 ms · 2026-06-27T15:08:32.408543+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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