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arxiv: 2511.02222 · v2 · pith:NGG52KHYnew · submitted 2025-11-04 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

Search for Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with 956.2 days of Super-Kamiokande Gadolinium Dataset

K. Abe , S. Abe , Y. Asaoka , M. Harada , Y. Hayato , K. Hiraide , K. Hosokawa , T. H. Hung
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K. Ieki M. Ikeda J. Kameda Y. Kanemura Y. Kataoka S. Miki S. Mine M. Miura S. Moriyama M. Nakahata S. Nakayama Y. Noguchi G. Pronost K. Sato H. Sekiya R. Shinoda M. Shiozawa Y. Suzuki A. Takeda Y. Takemoto H. Tanaka T. Yano Y. Itow T. Kajita R. Nishijima K. Okumura T. Tashiro T. Tomiya X. Wang P. Fernandez L. Labarga D. Samudio B. Zaldivar C. Yanagisawa E. Kearns L. Wan T. Wester B. W. Pointon J. Bian B. Cortez N. J. Griskevich Y. Jiang M. B. Smy H. W. Sobel V. Takhistov A. Yankelevich J. Hill M. C. Jang S. H. Lee D. H. Moon R. G. Park B. S. Yang B. Bodur K. Scholberg C. W. Walter A. Beauch'ene E. Le Bl'evec O. Drapier A. Ershova M. Ferey Th. A. Mueller A. D. Santos P. Paganini C. Quach R. Rogly T. Nakamura J. S. Jang R. P. Litchfield L. N. Machado F. J. P. Soler J. G. Learned K. Choi S. Cao L. H. V. Anthony N. W. Prouse M. Scott Y. Uchida V. Berardi N. F. Calabria M. G. Catanesi N. Ospina E. Radicioni A. Langella G. De Rosa G. Collazuol M. Feltre M. Mattiazzi L. Ludovici M. Gonin L. P'eriss'e B. Quilain S. Horiuchi A. Kawabata M. Kobayashi Y. M. Liu Y. Maekawa Y. Nishimura R. Akutsu M. Friend T. Hasegawa Y. Hino T. Ishida T. Kobayashi M. Jakkapu T. Matsubara T. Nakadaira Y. Oyama A. Portocarrero Yrey K. Sakashita T. Sekiguchi T. Tsukamoto N. Bhuiyan G. T. Burton F. Di Lodovico J. Gao T. Katori R. Kralik N. Latham R. M. Ramsden H. Ito T. Sone A. T. Suzuki Y. Takeuchi S. Wada H. Zhong J. Feng L. Feng S. Han J. Hikida J. R. Hu Z. Hu M. Kawaue T. Kikawa T. Nakaya T. V. Ngoc R. A. Wendell S. J. Jenkins N. McCauley A. Tarrant M. Fan`i M. J. Wilking Z. Xie Y. Fukuda H. Menjo Y. Yoshioka J. Lagoda M. Mandal J. Zalipska M. Mori J. Jiang K. Hamaguchi H. Ishino Y. Koshio F. Nakanishi T. Tada T. Ishizuka G. Barr D. Barrow L. Cook S. Samani D. Wark A. Holin F. Nova S. Jung J. Yoo J. E. P. Fannon L. Kneale M. Malek J. M. McElwee T. Peacock P. Stowell M. D. Thiesse L. F. Thompson H. Okazawa S. M. Lakshmi E. Kwon M. W. Lee J. W. Seo I. Yu Y. Ashida A. K. Ichikawa K. D. Nakamura S. Goto H. Hayasaki S. Kodama Y. Kong Y. Masaki Y. Mizuno T. Muro K. Nakagiri Y. Nakajima N. Taniuchi M. Yokoyama P. de Perio S. Fujita C. Jes'us-Valls K. Martens Ll. Marti K. M. Tsui M. R. Vagins J. Xia M. Kuze S. Izumiyama R. Matsumoto R. Asaka M. Ishitsuka M. Sugo M. Wako K. Yamauchi Y. Nakano F. Cormier R. Gaur M. Hartz A. Konaka X. Li B. R. Smithers S. Chen Y. Wu B. D. Xu A. Q. Zhang B. Zhang H. Adhikary M. Girgus P. Govindaraj M. Posiadala-Zezula Y. S. Prabhu S. B. Boyd R. Edwards D. Hadley M. Nicholson M. O'Flaherty B. Richards A. Ali B. Jamieson C. Bronner D. Horiguchi A. Minamino Y. Sasaki R. Shibayama R. Shimamura (The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration)
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We report the search result for the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB) in neutrino energies beyond 9.3~MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector with $22,500\times956.2$$~\rm m^3\cdot day$ exposure. %$22.5{\rm k}\times956.2$$~\rm m^3\cdot day$ exposure. Starting in the summer of 2020, SK introduced 0.01\% gadolinium (Gd) by mass into its ultra-pure water to enhance the neutron capture signal, termed the SK-VI phase. This was followed by a 0.03\% Gd-loading in 2022, a phase referred to as SK-VII. We then conducted a DSNB search using 552.2~days of SK-VI data and 404.0~days of SK-VII data through September 2023. This analysis includes several new features, such as two new machine-learning neutron detection algorithms with Gd, an improved atmospheric background reduction technique, and two parallel statistical approaches. No significant excess over background predictions was found in a DSNB spectrum-independent analysis, and 90\% C.L. upper limits on the astrophysical electron anti-neutrino flux were set. Additionally, a spectral fitting result exhibited a $\sim1.2\sigma$ disagreement with a null DSNB hypothesis, comparable to a previous result from 5823~days of all SK pure water phases.

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