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Scaling Vision Transformers

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arxiv 2106.04560 v2 pith:QGPWGSET submitted 2021-06-08 cs.CV cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CVcs.AIcs.LG
keywords visionaccuracymodelmodelsscalescalingdataimagenet
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Attention-based neural networks such as the Vision Transformer (ViT) have recently attained state-of-the-art results on many computer vision benchmarks. Scale is a primary ingredient in attaining excellent results, therefore, understanding a model's scaling properties is a key to designing future generations effectively. While the laws for scaling Transformer language models have been studied, it is unknown how Vision Transformers scale. To address this, we scale ViT models and data, both up and down, and characterize the relationships between error rate, data, and compute. Along the way, we refine the architecture and training of ViT, reducing memory consumption and increasing accuracy of the resulting models. As a result, we successfully train a ViT model with two billion parameters, which attains a new state-of-the-art on ImageNet of 90.45% top-1 accuracy. The model also performs well for few-shot transfer, for example, reaching 84.86% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet with only 10 examples per class.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 16 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Improving Neural Network Training by Decoupling the Magnitude and Direction of Weight Vectors

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Splitting weight matrices into a fixed-norm direction and learnable per-row/column magnitudes improves LLM training over AdamW/Muon, removes weight decay and warmup, and transfers the optimal LR across width.

  2. Scale Weight Decay and Train Better

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Muon with weight decay scaled by η/η_max reaches the same MoE validation loss ~30% faster than constant-decay Muon while preserving asymptotic stationarity of the unregularized objective.

  3. Meek Models Shall Inherit the Earth

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Under fixed-distribution neural scaling laws, the capability gap between state-of-the-art and low-compute AI models shrinks over time toward zero.

  4. Leveraging Transfer Learning and Mobile-enabled Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Arabic Handwritten Character Recognition

    cs.CV 2025-09 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A benchmark shows lightweight CNNs with transfer learning reach 92-99% accuracy on Arabic handwritten character datasets, but the reported best-model rankings are undermined by best-fold selection and internal contradictions.

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