Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation

As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 5 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.13952.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.13952 v1

Coverage vector

measured 42 of 42 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.392876Z

measured 47 of 47 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 5 of 5 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:39:26.463407Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-06-29T17:33:45.295050Z

Reference resolution

42 of 42 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy24
unresolved18
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 9956f195-7057-4d3d-83cc-0e6574789255 · outbound

This paper cites C., and Alexander, D.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation C., and Alexander, D

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.936083Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 2752f3e8-944b-43b1-8333-dab734c8cbd1 · outbound

This paper cites Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.915309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 851307c0-7f45-4afd-ac86-e699d1718eaa · outbound

This paper cites D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.899725Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 93dfe2f6-0b30-4d5e-acac-67a82208c854 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.886894Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation dc894b31-2d81-4fba-ac31-70a423e5478d · outbound

This paper cites Large language models for constrained-based causal discovery.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Large language models for constrained-based causal discovery

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.874617Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 8c4967ff-912b-4e67-a1f2-7f58eed0195c · outbound

This paper cites Successive prompting for decomposing complex questions.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Successive prompting for decomposing complex questions

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.862297Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 7b3f9b6f-214b-47ae-9388-8cd7d37686f7 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.253956Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cd2a32d5-cc1c-4170-9707-c0eb4d0a7ce3 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM 2 Technical Report.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation PaLM 2 Technical Report

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.258287Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a917e77f-0fd3-4395-9fd0-a0d1052b6716 · outbound

This paper cites M., Peters, J., and Sch \"o lkopf, B.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation M., Peters, J., and Sch \"o lkopf, B

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.850179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 1db1fe40-668a-475b-b4d1-b6841c5504ba · outbound

This paper cites and Chang, K.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation and Chang, K

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.837575Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f4f183d5-b91b-4977-8332-e0e8a6a7b932 · outbound

This paper cites G., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Sachan, M., and Sch \"o lkopf, B.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation G., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Sachan, M., and Sch \"o lkopf, B

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.825248Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 3303bd20-cc09-441c-9506-247aeb0eee41 · outbound

This paper cites T., and Sch \"o lkopf, B.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation T., and Sch \"o lkopf, B

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.811311Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation b5cec6ae-ffdd-4a31-96ed-eac367520625 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient Causal Graph Discovery Using Large Language Models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Efficient Causal Graph Discovery Using Large Language Models

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.279417Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4ca3dcf-b5db-4af8-b071-3cb2bd3b8af2 · outbound

This paper cites Decomposed prompting: A modular approach for solving complex tasks.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Decomposed prompting: A modular approach for solving complex tasks

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.797356Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 0faa3ca2-6f3c-4c69-a0c4-ef200902567f · outbound

This paper cites Causal Reasoning and Large Language Models: Opening a New Frontier for Causality.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Causal Reasoning and Large Language Models: Opening a New Frontier for Causality

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.288220Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fac631e3-9417-46b1-afe6-ccabb5898418 · outbound

This paper cites S., Reid, M., Matsuo, Y., and Iwasawa, Y.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation S., Reid, M., Matsuo, Y., and Iwasawa, Y

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.781115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation b545f4c5-eb56-4443-af2a-3067922417fd · outbound

This paper cites Can large language models build causal graphs? In NeurIPS 2022 Workshop on Causal Machine Learning for Real-World Impact , 2022.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Can large language models build causal graphs? In NeurIPS 2022 Workshop on Causal Machine Learning for Real-World Impact , 2022

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.766175Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f91c499c-b2e7-4788-90ce-782a86f78036 · outbound

This paper cites Causal discovery with language models as imperfect experts.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Causal discovery with language models as imperfect experts

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.751990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 2d3abaaf-7b8c-455e-9e1f-5739f94bb788 · outbound

This paper cites The CLRS-Text Algorithmic Reasoning Language Benchmark.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation The CLRS-Text Algorithmic Reasoning Language Benchmark

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.302448Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78ffa227-d4be-4c85-92ad-72ecc105bfb2 · outbound

This paper cites Show Your Work: Scratchpads for Intermediate Computation with Language Models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Show Your Work: Scratchpads for Intermediate Computation with Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.306334Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 33a9c9a9-1c56-413d-9f8d-12574f2da822 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.309880Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4af8bae7-96dd-44f1-8355-01b64882d1a8 · outbound

This paper cites Talm: Tool augmented language models, 2022.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Talm: Tool augmented language models, 2022

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.739432Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 225ce65e-e5b6-4f83-82a1-65e06ead37be · outbound

This paper cites Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.725730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c00fd6eb-18b5-46d5-92e2-bbe4c5d28f98 · outbound

This paper cites and Mackenzie, D.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation and Mackenzie, D

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.712687Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f7c1a08f-2dab-434d-aad0-431c9298abf2 · outbound

This paper cites M., Janzing, D., and Sch \"o lkopf, B.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation M., Janzing, D., and Sch \"o lkopf, B

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.324916Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e645cce1-fa4e-463e-93df-0497832c89ca · outbound

This paper cites Reasoning with language model prompting: A survey.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Reasoning with language model prompting: A survey

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.691773Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation bcb0197e-dacd-4174-905e-12530ba29355 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.332513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 40581221-090e-40c5-854d-0b1ece3dc1cd · outbound

This paper cites Algorithm of Thoughts: Enhancing Exploration of Ideas in Large Language Models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Algorithm of Thoughts: Enhancing Exploration of Ideas in Large Language Models

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.336977Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 15ff2988-cd78-4a85-9ca2-b06f6916b7c4 · outbound

This paper cites O., Hyv \"a rinen, A., Kerminen, A., and Jordan, M.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation O., Hyv \"a rinen, A., Kerminen, A., and Jordan, M

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.677647Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c94a156f-d0d8-482a-bac3-d858cb2727ac · outbound

This paper cites N., and Scheines, R.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation N., and Scheines, R

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.664765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 108b3c33-cd50-467b-9611-a37f365f92d1 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Reasoning with Foundation Models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation A Survey of Reasoning with Foundation Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.348800Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d54af4bf-75c2-4366-8a38-ba736ed16662 · outbound

This paper cites Causal-Discovery Performance of ChatGPT in the context of Neuropathic Pain Diagnosis.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Causal-Discovery Performance of ChatGPT in the context of Neuropathic Pain Diagnosis

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.352730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7debe066-cbb7-4844-9249-c72975ace809 · outbound

This paper cites Causal Order: The Key to Leveraging Imperfect Experts in Causal Inference.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Causal Order: The Key to Leveraging Imperfect Experts in Causal Inference

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.357554Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3b57b645-1815-4ef9-af4a-846606f69701 · outbound

This paper cites P., Budden, D., Pascanu, R., Banino, A., Dashevskiy, M., Hadsell, R., and Blundell, C.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation P., Budden, D., Pascanu, R., Banino, A., Dashevskiy, M., Hadsell, R., and Blundell, C

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.361478Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 924e9ca5-b328-49f5-8b37-1b368c371ab7 · outbound

This paper cites V., Zhou, D., et al.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation V., Zhou, D., et al

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.645154Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 8e5bac5c-6228-469f-81fa-71ddfc9d9052 · outbound

This paper cites S., and Kersting, K.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation S., and Kersting, K

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.633427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation ddb4f16d-487c-477d-a9ed-9d155684f003 · outbound

This paper cites React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.622241Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation d1ee60dd-3670-49c1-9009-444ac141272d · outbound

This paper cites S., and Kersting, K.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation S., and Kersting, K

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.610821Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 7f4f9768-7b08-4072-93fb-807c2cc663c5 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding Causality with Large Language Models: Feasibility and Opportunities.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Understanding Causality with Large Language Models: Feasibility and Opportunities

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.380579Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d5a9e49f-80a6-47da-955d-f0df57d7a450 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.599612Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 48dc22f2-4d82-4bc3-b34b-d93237b8a1d8 · outbound

This paper cites Teaching algorithmic reasoning via in-context learning.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation Teaching algorithmic reasoning via in-context learning

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.587544Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 26685451-0cea-4d89-8d9d-a2738127a813 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation write newline

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:40:54.392876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 721470cf-dbf1-4972-87d3-3b3df3be56ba · inbound

Structured Thinking Matters: Improving LLMs Generalization in Causal Inference Tasks cites this paper.

Structured Thinking Matters: Improving LLMs Generalization in Causal Inference Tasks Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:39:26.463407Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb455e3f-4623-476d-a2e8-a2442bcce7e0 · inbound

Causal Reasoning in Pieces: Modular In-Context Learning for Causal Discovery cites this paper.

Causal Reasoning in Pieces: Modular In-Context Learning for Causal Discovery Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T10:46:07.416995Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bf127704-8c3c-4667-b3e8-5ef3959dfb2f · inbound

When Do We Need LLMs? A Diagnostic for Language-Driven Bandits cites this paper.

When Do We Need LLMs? A Diagnostic for Language-Driven Bandits Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T00:25:51.163780Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 0affc035-9d76-4da7-a5e6-ef6245a7ba90 · inbound

CausalGuard: Conformal Inference under Graph Uncertainty cites this paper.

CausalGuard: Conformal Inference under Graph Uncertainty Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-22T07:54:43.139352Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a1348669-5671-49ca-ac2c-4b5859e455c2 · inbound

Why LLMs Fail at Causal Discovery and How Interventional Agents Escape cites this paper.

Why LLMs Fail at Causal Discovery and How Interventional Agents Escape Prompting Strategies for Enabling Large Language Models to Infer Causation from Correlation

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-29T17:33:45.296783Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.