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MasterKey: Automated Jailbreak Across Multiple Large Language Model Chatbots

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arxiv 2307.08715 v2 pith:U6AFBKJ3 submitted 2023-07-16 cs.CR

classification cs.CR
keywords chatbotsjailbreakunderstandingserviceacrossattacksautomateddefenses
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence (AI) services due to their exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human-like text. LLM chatbots, in particular, have seen widespread adoption, transforming human-machine interactions. However, these LLM chatbots are susceptible to "jailbreak" attacks, where malicious users manipulate prompts to elicit inappropriate or sensitive responses, contravening service policies. Despite existing attempts to mitigate such threats, our research reveals a substantial gap in our understanding of these vulnerabilities, largely due to the undisclosed defensive measures implemented by LLM service providers. In this paper, we present Jailbreaker, a comprehensive framework that offers an in-depth understanding of jailbreak attacks and countermeasures. Our work makes a dual contribution. First, we propose an innovative methodology inspired by time-based SQL injection techniques to reverse-engineer the defensive strategies of prominent LLM chatbots, such as ChatGPT, Bard, and Bing Chat. This time-sensitive approach uncovers intricate details about these services' defenses, facilitating a proof-of-concept attack that successfully bypasses their mechanisms. Second, we introduce an automatic generation method for jailbreak prompts. Leveraging a fine-tuned LLM, we validate the potential of automated jailbreak generation across various commercial LLM chatbots. Our method achieves a promising average success rate of 21.58%, significantly outperforming the effectiveness of existing techniques. We have responsibly disclosed our findings to the concerned service providers, underscoring the urgent need for more robust defenses. Jailbreaker thus marks a significant step towards understanding and mitigating jailbreak threats in the realm of LLM chatbots.

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Cited by 12 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Rewriting the Response Path: Silent Tampering and Provider-Signed Defense in BYOK LLM Agents

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    A malicious relay can strategically rewrite aligned LLM outputs in BYOK agent architectures to achieve up to 99.1% attack success on benchmarks like AgentDojo and ASB.

  2. SoK: Systematizing LLM Prompt Security: Taxonomies, Datasets, and Unified Evaluation of Attacks and Defenses

    cs.CR 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systemization of LLM jailbreak security that adds linked taxonomies, an evaluation platform, and JailbreakDB, while its main attack–defense comparison results remain deferred.

  3. Evaluating the Robustness of Retrieval-Augmented Generation to Adversarial Evidence in the Health Domain

    cs.IR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Misleading health documents in RAG context sharply lower LLM accuracy, and heavily helpful-biased retrieval pools restore it.

  4. Invitation Is All You Need! Promptware Attacks Against LLM-Powered Assistants in Production Are Practical and Dangerous

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Malicious calendar invites and emails can poison Gemini's context, enabling data exfiltration, app control, and physical-world actions.

  5. ASTRA: Autonomous Spatial-Temporal Red-teaming for AI Software Assistants

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ASTRA is an automated red-teaming agent that uses knowledge-graph-guided spatial and temporal probing to find 11-66% more safety violations in AI coding assistants than existing tools.

  6. How Jailbreak Attacks Inform Safety Alignment: A Defender-Centric, Shapley-Based Evaluation of Jailbreak Contributions

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Attacks that break LLMs best are not the ones that improve safety most; a Shapley- and greedy-based framework that selects attack subsets by downstream defender utility outperforms attacker-centric and attribution-onl...

  7. Towards terahertz nanomechanics

    physics.app-ph 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Suspended Lamb-wave resonators in lithium niobate films thinned from 300 nm to 67 nm reach 220 GHz, doubling the prior record.

  8. Beyond Jailbreaks: Revealing Stealthier and Broader LLM Security Risks Stemming from Alignment Failures

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    JailFlipBench and JailFlip attacks show that leading LLMs can be made to answer benign-looking questions with plausible but factually wrong and dangerous responses.

  9. Towards medical AI misalignment: a preliminary study

    cs.CY 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A custom role-playing prompt called the Goofy Game made four major LLMs produce plausible but incorrect medical recommendations.

  10. Stateful Cooperative Agents Safeguarding LLMs Against Evolving Multi-Turn Attacks

    cs.CR 2026-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    CoopGuard's defer-tempt-analyze-coordinate agents cut reported jailbreak success and raise attacker token costs on the new EMRA benchmark, but the deceptive-rate metric is partly defined by the paper's own scoring rubric.

  11. SoK: A Comprehensive Security Analysis of Jailbreak Resilience in GPT and DeepSeek Models

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Across 510 HarmBench behaviors and seven attack methods, GPT-4 models show more consistent jailbreak resilience than DeepSeek models, whose vulnerability grows with scale.

  12. Breaking to Build: A Threat Model of Prompt-Based Attacks for Securing LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-09 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey categorizing prompt-based attacks on LLMs into four classes and proposing aspirational goals of un-distillable, un-finetunable, and un-editable models.

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