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arxiv: 2606.20173 · v1 · pith:V7VUQR2Wnew · submitted 2026-06-18 · 💻 cs.SE

Qiskit Code Migration with LLMs

Jose Manuel Suarez , Luis Mariano Bibbo , Joaquin Bogado , Alenandro Fernandez This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 16:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.SE
keywords Qiskit code migrationlarge language modelsretrieval-augmented generationhallucination reductionmigration taxonomyquantum software engineeringAPI evolutionrefactoring automation
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The pith

Taxonomy-based RAG lets LLMs migrate Qiskit code across versions with fewer hallucinations than direct prompting.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper sets out to show that an automatically generated taxonomy of migration scenarios can serve as reliable structured knowledge for retrieval-augmented generation, steering large language models toward accurate refactoring suggestions. This matters in quantum software engineering because frameworks change rapidly and general models often invent incorrect API calls when training data is scarce. The authors test the idea by comparing unconstrained and restrictive retrieval schemes on two models, finding that the restrictive taxonomy approach cuts hallucinations and raises descriptive quality. A reader would care if the method scales because it could turn brittle quantum code into maintainable assets without manual expert intervention each time an API shifts.

Core claim

The central claim is that a hybrid LLM plus RAG system, supplied with an automatically generated taxonomy of version-specific migration scenarios, produces more reliable and less hallucinated refactoring suggestions than standard LLM prompting when moving Qiskit code between releases; the restrictive retrieval variant yields the clearest gains, and one tested model outperforms the other on complex cases.

What carries the argument

The automatically generated taxonomy of migration scenarios, which supplies version-specific structured knowledge to the retrieval step so the model only draws from verified patterns rather than its general training.

If this is right

  • The restrictive retrieval scheme measurably lowers hallucination rates compared with unconstrained retrieval.
  • Google Gemini Flash-2.5 detects complex refactoring scenarios more reliably than the other tested model under the same taxonomy setup.
  • The resulting assistants can mitigate API obsolescence and keep quantum algorithms runnable across framework updates.
  • The approach flattens the learning curve for developers working in a fast-changing quantum software environment.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same taxonomy-plus-restrictive-RAG pattern could be applied to migration tasks in other rapidly evolving libraries outside quantum computing.
  • If the taxonomy generation step itself can be made self-correcting, the method would become less dependent on the initial quality of the extracted scenarios.
  • A natural next measurement would be to track how often the produced migrations actually compile and pass tests on real hardware after the suggested changes.

Load-bearing premise

An automatically generated taxonomy will contain complete and accurate version-specific knowledge that steers the models without missing edge cases or introducing its own errors.

What would settle it

Run the system on a set of Qiskit migration cases deliberately chosen to include an edge-case pattern absent from the generated taxonomy; if the model then produces a hallucinated or incorrect refactoring that matches the missing pattern, the claim fails.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20173 by Alenandro Fernandez, Joaquin Bogado, Jose Manuel Suarez, Luis Mariano Bibbo.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Workflow stages in n8n The models used were Open AI Gpt-oss-20b (OpenAI, 2026; OpenAI et al., 2024) and Google Gemini Flash-2.5 (Comanici et al., 2025; Team et al., 2024), keeping default con￾figurations. The official information sources were Qiskit Release Notes 10, as the basis for generating the automatic taxonomy of migration scenarios. Regarding the prompts, a one￾shot strategy was used. In the post-a… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Retrieval strategies balance [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Evolution of metrics across experimental stages Regarding experimental correctness and the proportion of invocation failures, we can note that Google Gemini Flash-2.5 obtained an average of 4 scenarios with empty, invalid, or no refactored code responses per test run (15%), while OpenAI Gpt-oss-20b averaged 16 (61%). This suggests that OpenAI Gpt-oss-20b proved to be, for our experiment, a more volatile mo… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Evolution of cases according to stoplight metrics Note: Consider that not all boxes are to the same scale [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The rapid evolution of Quantum Development Kits (QDKs) introduces a specific form of technical debt that compromises code maintainability and hinders software reuse. In the specialized domain of Quantum Software Engineering (QSE), this challenge is intensified by the scarcity of high-quality training data and the high volatility of emerging frameworks, which often lead general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce unreliable or hallucinated results. This paper proposes a hybrid approach integrating LLMs with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to automate the migration of Qiskit code across versions. The proposed methodology enhances the precision and reliability of migration suggestions by leveraging an automatically generated taxonomy of migration scenarios as the structured, version-specific knowledge source to guide the models. The approach is implemented through an automated, extensible workflow evaluating LLMs (Google Gemini Flash-2.5 and OpenAI Gpt-oss-20b) under different retrieval schemes (unconstrained and restrictive). Results demonstrate that the taxonomy-based RAG architecture, particularly under the restrictive scheme, significantly reduces hallucinations and improves descriptive quality, with Google Gemini Flash-2.5 showing superior performance in detecting complex refactoring scenarios. These findings confirm the potential of this data-centric methodology to foster technological independence and provide robust, intelligent assistants that mitigate API obsolescence, ensuring the long-term availability of quantum algorithms within a rapidly shifting ecosystem and flattening the learning curve within Quantum Software Engineering (QSE).

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes a hybrid LLM+RAG method for migrating Qiskit code across versions. It uses an automatically generated taxonomy of migration scenarios as structured knowledge to guide models (Gemini Flash-2.5 and GPT-oss-20b) under unconstrained vs. restrictive retrieval schemes, claiming that the taxonomy-based RAG (especially restrictive) significantly reduces hallucinations, improves descriptive quality, and that Gemini excels at complex refactoring detection.

Significance. If the empirical claims hold after proper validation, the work would offer a practical, extensible workflow for handling rapid API evolution in quantum software engineering, where training data scarcity makes general LLMs unreliable; the data-centric emphasis on version-specific taxonomies could generalize to other volatile frameworks.

major comments (2)
  1. [Taxonomy generation subsection] Taxonomy generation subsection (likely §3 or §4): the automated workflow is presented as supplying complete, accurate version-specific knowledge that steers LLMs and reduces hallucinations, yet no validation against ground truth (precision/recall vs. official Qiskit docs, coverage of deprecated patterns or edge-case refactorings, or expert review) is reported; without this, the restrictive RAG scheme could propagate rather than mitigate taxonomy errors, directly undermining the central performance claims.
  2. [Evaluation section] Evaluation section: positive results for hallucination reduction and quality improvement are asserted for Gemini Flash-2.5 under the restrictive scheme, but no quantitative metrics, baselines, dataset details, error bars, or statistical comparisons are supplied, leaving the strongest_claim unverifiable.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract states results at a high level without any numbers or dataset size; this should be expanded with at least summary statistics even if full tables appear later.
  2. [Methodology] Notation for the two retrieval schemes (unconstrained/restrictive) should be defined explicitly on first use with a short example of how the taxonomy is injected.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed comments. We address each major point below and commit to revisions that strengthen the verifiability of the taxonomy and evaluation claims while preserving the core contribution of the taxonomy-guided RAG workflow.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Taxonomy generation subsection] Taxonomy generation subsection (likely §3 or §4): the automated workflow is presented as supplying complete, accurate version-specific knowledge that steers LLMs and reduces hallucinations, yet no validation against ground truth (precision/recall vs. official Qiskit docs, coverage of deprecated patterns or edge-case refactorings, or expert review) is reported; without this, the restrictive RAG scheme could propagate rather than mitigate taxonomy errors, directly undermining the central performance claims.

    Authors: We agree that explicit validation of the automatically generated taxonomy is required to support the claim that it supplies reliable version-specific knowledge. The current manuscript describes the LLM-assisted extraction process from release notes but does not report precision/recall or coverage metrics. In the revision we will add a dedicated validation subsection that (1) constructs a ground-truth set of migration scenarios from official Qiskit documentation and deprecation lists for two representative version pairs, (2) computes precision, recall, and coverage against this ground truth, and (3) discusses any residual edge cases. This will allow readers to assess whether taxonomy errors could propagate under the restrictive RAG scheme. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Evaluation section] Evaluation section: positive results for hallucination reduction and quality improvement are asserted for Gemini Flash-2.5 under the restrictive scheme, but no quantitative metrics, baselines, dataset details, error bars, or statistical comparisons are supplied, leaving the strongest_claim unverifiable.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the evaluation section in the submitted draft relies primarily on illustrative examples and aggregate qualitative observations rather than fully specified quantitative results. In the revised manuscript we will expand the evaluation section to include: (i) explicit dataset statistics (number of migration tasks, version pairs, and code snippets), (ii) quantitative hallucination rates obtained by fact-checking model outputs against official Qiskit documentation, (iii) descriptive-quality scores from a small-scale human evaluation, (iv) direct comparison against the unconstrained LLM and standard RAG baselines, and (v) error bars and statistical significance tests across repeated runs. These additions will render the performance claims verifiable. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: empirical method with external evaluation

full rationale

The paper describes an empirical workflow for taxonomy-based RAG to migrate Qiskit code, evaluated on external LLMs (Gemini Flash-2.5, GPT-oss-20b) under different retrieval schemes. No derivation chain, equations, first-principles predictions, or fitted parameters exist. The taxonomy is generated automatically as input to the method, not derived from or equivalent to the reported outcomes. No self-citations are load-bearing for any central claim, and results are presented as experimental findings rather than constructed equivalences. This is a standard non-circular empirical proposal.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No mathematical content; the claim rests on the empirical effectiveness of the described workflow rather than axioms or parameters.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5783 in / 992 out tokens · 18920 ms · 2026-06-26T16:22:32.525195+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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