pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.00332 · v1 · pith:VGNO4IVSnew · submitted 2026-05-29 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA

Spectroscopic characterization of Young Stellar Populations and their Feedback in NGC 5253

Svea Hernandez , Linda J. Smith , Valentina Abril-Melgarejo , Bethan James This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 21:08 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA
keywords young stellar populationssupernova feedbackoutflow velocitiesNGC 5253metal-poor galaxiesstar clustersFUV spectroscopyionized gas outflows
0
0 comments X

The pith

In NGC 5253, supernova feedback from clusters drives outflows at ages above 5 million years with no apparent delay at Z~0.3 solar.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper uses HST COS FUV spectra to characterize young massive clusters across seven pointings in the nearby metal-poor dwarf galaxy NGC 5253. Full-spectrum fitting yields spectroscopic ages, masses, metallicities, reddening, and total mechanical luminosity from supernovae. These parameters are matched to MUSE optical data that measures ionized-gas outflow velocities of 125-300 km/s along the same lines of sight. Strong correlations emerge between the outflow speeds and the derived stellar ages, masses, and supernova mechanical energy. The authors conclude that mechanical feedback from supernovae is already operating at the nominal ages greater than 5 Myr, contrary to theoretical expectations of delayed injection in low-metallicity gas.

Core claim

Our study shows that in this particular system (Z∼0.3 Z⊙), feedback from SNe appears evident at the nominal >5 Myr ages, with no apparent delay, as evidenced by statistically significant correlations between outflow velocities and stellar ages, masses, and total mechanical luminosity primarily driven by supernovae.

What carries the argument

Full-spectrum fitting of COS FUV spectra to extract cluster ages, masses, and supernova mechanical luminosity, directly compared to line-of-sight outflow velocities measured in matched MUSE apertures.

If this is right

  • Outflow velocities of 125-300 km/s correlate directly with increasing cluster age, mass, and supernova-driven mechanical luminosity.
  • Photometric age estimates are older than the spectroscopic ages derived here.
  • Mechanical feedback from supernovae operates without the delay predicted by models for metallicities below 0.4 solar.
  • Any suppression of supernova mechanical feedback must occur at metallicities lower than the 0.3 solar value measured in NGC 5253.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The metallicity threshold below which supernova feedback is delayed may lie below 0.3 Z⊙ rather than at 0.4 Z⊙.
  • Repeating the same COS-plus-MUSE comparison in other blue compact dwarfs spanning a wider metallicity range would map the onset of delayed feedback.
  • Younger spectroscopic ages imply that star-formation histories inferred solely from photometry in metal-poor dwarfs may need downward revision in total stellar mass formed.

Load-bearing premise

The full-spectrum fitting analysis correctly derives the stellar ages, masses, and total mechanical luminosity from supernovae without significant systematic biases from the choice of models or assumptions about the initial mass function.

What would settle it

Independent age dating of the same clusters that yields systematically older ages and shows outflow velocities uncorrelated with supernova mechanical luminosity would falsify the claimed lack of delay.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.00332 by Bethan James, Linda J. Smith, Svea Hernandez, Valentina Abril-Melgarejo.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: HST color composite of the blue compact dwarf NGC 5253 (LEGUS; D. Calzetti et al. 2015b). Blue: HST/WFC3/F275W; Green: HST/ACS/F435W; Red: HST/ACS/F814W. The COS pointings are shown with 2 ′′ .5 circular apertures. 2. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION The analysis presented as part of this work relied on archival observations taken as part of HST program IDs 11579, 15193 (PI: Aloisi), 16045 (PI: Smith), and … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Normalized COS spectra for the pointings in NGC 5253. The data are binned by a COS resolution element (6 pixels). We show with dashed vertical lines photospheric and stellar wind lines. Solid gray vertical lines show the location of contaminating geocoronal emission, L. From top to bottom the spectra are ordered in decreasing strength of the N V feature, which is strongest at stellar ages <3 Myr (J. Chisho… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Lyman α absorption in the COS observations (colored). In black we show the best fitting Voigt models which include both the Milky Way and the NGC 5253 components. The cluster pointings are shown in each subpanel. the measured radial velocities for the different targets. Lastly, to accurately compare the observations with the stellar population models we accounted for their differ￾ing spectral resolutions, … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Example synthesis fits for each of the COS pointings. In gray we show the best stellar model identified by SESAMME. We note that the model does not include ISM contributions. The gray-shaded regions show the wavelengths masked in our full spectral fitting analysis which primarily target strong absorption from the cold ISM [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Zoomed panels highlighting the agreement between the best fit model identified by SESAMME in black and the observed N V doublet in color. The gray-shaded regions show the wavelengths masked in our analysis. We show in each panel the inferred ages, also provided in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Optical spectra from VLT/MUSE extractions corresponding to the same location of the COS pointings. The panels show a zoom-in around the [O III] λ4959 forbid￾den line (black dots). The dashed purple line shows the best multi-component fits, and the shaded regions correspond to the different components (blue, red, green). same line-of-sight as that of the YMCs studied in this work, probing comparable spatial… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Comparison between the properties inferred with SESAMME through the analysis of the COS FUV spectroscopic observations (on the x-axis), against the estimated values inferred through the photometric studies in the literature, C15 in blue, and LEGUS in red. The dashed-gray line shows the one-to-one values. 5+11, which has a MTotal= 32.96+3.35 −2.10 × 104 M⊙ (off the limits of the middle panel in [PITH_FULL_… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Outflow velocities of the ionized gas (traced by [O III] λ4959) as a function of the physical parameters inferred for the stellar populations targeted with COS. We show with a gray dashed line a linear regression. The legend in each panel shows the Pearson correlation coefficient and corresponding p-value. atomic/neutral ISM at larger distances appearing to be less influenced by these massive clusters. For… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Example synthesis fits for the three COS pointings with ∼1400-1775 ˚Acoverage. In gray we show the best stellar model identified by SESAMME. We note that the model does not include ISM contributions. The gray-shaded regions show the wavelengths masked in our full spectral fitting analysis which primarily target strong absorption from the cold ISM. S II λ1250 transition. We find that most pointings require … view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Best profile fits for the S II λ1250 transition. We show in blue the primary component, in red the secondary component, and the black solid line shows the profile with the combined components. 2 4 6 8 Age (Myr) 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 O utflo w v elo city (k m s 1 ) Pearson=0.91 p-val=0.01 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Outflow velocities of the neutral gas (traced by the S II λ1250 transition) as a function of YMC age. We show with a gray dashed line a linear regression. The legend shows the Pearson correlation coefficient and corresponding p-value. Bending, T. J. R., Dobbs, C. L., & Bate, M. R. 2022, MNRAS, 513, 2088, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac965 Berg, D. A., James, B. L., King, T., et al. 2022, ApJS, 261, 31, doi: 10.38… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present the spectroscopic analysis of FUV observations taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) targeting young massive clusters in the nearby, metal-poor, blue compact dwarf galaxy NGC 5253. We characterize the stellar populations observed across seven COS pointings and report on their inferred physical parameters, age, metallicity, mass, and reddening values. Comparison between our spectroscopic ages and those inferred using photometric methods show that the former are preferentially younger. We also investigate the impact of these young massive clusters on their surrounding ISM. Using Very Large Telescope/MUSE optical observations and matching the size of the COS aperture, we measured outflow velocities of the ionized gas along the line of sight of the COS pointing with values ranging from $\sim$125-300 km s$^{-1}$. We report on strong statistically-significant correlations between the outflow velocities and the stellar ages, masses, and total mechanical luminosity primarily driven by supernovae (SNe) as derived from our full-spectrum fitting analysis. Although theoretical models predict a delayed injection of mechanical energy and momentum in low-metallicity environments ($<$0.4 Z$_{\odot}$), our study shows that in this particular system (Z$\sim$ 0.3 Z$_{\odot}$), feedback from SNe appears evident at the nominal $>$ 5 Myr ages, with no apparent delay. One possible explanation is that the decrease and suppression of mechanical feedback due to SNe explosions might be dominant at even lower metallicities than those observed in NGC 5253.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents HST/COS FUV spectroscopy of seven pointings toward young massive clusters in the metal-poor blue compact dwarf NGC 5253. Full-spectrum fitting is used to derive ages, metallicities, masses, and reddening; these spectroscopic ages are younger than photometric estimates. Matching-aperture VLT/MUSE observations yield ionized-gas outflow velocities of 125–300 km s⁻¹ that correlate with the fitted ages, masses, and SNe-driven mechanical luminosities. The authors conclude that SNe feedback is already evident at nominal ages >5 Myr with no apparent delay at Z ∼ 0.3 Z⊙, contrary to some theoretical expectations for metallicities below 0.4 Z⊙.

Significance. If the full-spectrum fitting ages and mechanical luminosities are robust, the work supplies direct empirical constraints on the onset of SNe mechanical feedback in a low-metallicity system, using independent HST and VLT data. The reported correlations between outflow velocity and SNe luminosity constitute a falsifiable test of delayed-feedback models and would be relevant to sub-grid prescriptions in galaxy-evolution simulations.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and spectral-fitting methods] The description of the full-spectrum fitting (abstract and methods) does not specify the SPS models, IMF slope, SFH parametrization, or extinction law adopted. At Z ∼ 0.3 Z⊙, known gaps in massive-star atmosphere and evolution libraries can introduce age biases of order 2 Myr or IMF-dependent changes in the SNe rate; either would move the data points across the theoretical delay threshold and undermine the central no-delay claim.
  2. [Results and discussion of correlations] No quantitative error budgets, covariance matrices, or systematic tests (e.g., model-library variations, IMF variations, or SFH assumptions) are provided for the derived ages, masses, and SNe mechanical luminosities. Because the reported correlations and the >5 Myr conclusion rest directly on these quantities, the statistical significance and robustness cannot be evaluated from the given information.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the correlations are “statistically significant” but does not quote Spearman or Pearson coefficients or p-values; adding these numbers would allow readers to judge the strength of the relations independently.
  2. [MUSE outflow measurements] Clarify whether the quoted outflow-velocity range (∼125–300 km s⁻¹) represents the full observed span or the 16–84 percentile interval for each pointing.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful and constructive report. The comments highlight important aspects of clarity and robustness that we will address in revision. Below we respond point by point to the two major comments.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and spectral-fitting methods] The description of the full-spectrum fitting (abstract and methods) does not specify the SPS models, IMF slope, SFH parametrization, or extinction law adopted. At Z ∼ 0.3 Z⊙, known gaps in massive-star atmosphere and evolution libraries can introduce age biases of order 2 Myr or IMF-dependent changes in the SNe rate; either would move the data points across the theoretical delay threshold and undermine the central no-delay claim.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract should explicitly list the adopted ingredients. The methods section of the manuscript already specifies the SPS models (Starburst99 with Geneva tracks at the appropriate metallicity), a Kroupa IMF, an instantaneous-burst SFH, and the Calzetti extinction law; we will move these details into the abstract and add a short paragraph discussing possible library incompleteness at low Z. While gaps in massive-star models exist, the spectroscopic ages we derive are systematically younger than the photometric estimates obtained with independent methods, and the outflow-velocity correlations remain significant even if ages are shifted by 2 Myr. We will include this sensitivity test in the revised discussion. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results and discussion of correlations] No quantitative error budgets, covariance matrices, or systematic tests (e.g., model-library variations, IMF variations, or SFH assumptions) are provided for the derived ages, masses, and SNe mechanical luminosities. Because the reported correlations and the >5 Myr conclusion rest directly on these quantities, the statistical significance and robustness cannot be evaluated from the given information.

    Authors: We accept that a fuller error analysis is required. In the revised manuscript we will report the formal uncertainties returned by the full-spectrum fitting code, include the covariance matrix for the key parameters (age, mass, mechanical luminosity), and add a dedicated subsection presenting systematic tests that vary the SPS library, IMF slope, and SFH parametrization. These tests confirm that the reported correlations between outflow velocity and SNe-driven mechanical luminosity remain statistically significant (p < 0.01) across the explored range of assumptions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; empirical correlations from independent datasets

full rationale

The derivation chain consists of (1) full-spectrum fitting of HST/COS FUV spectra to obtain ages, masses, and SNe mechanical luminosities, (2) independent measurement of outflow velocities from VLT/MUSE optical data matched to the COS apertures, and (3) reporting of observed correlations between these quantities. None of these steps reduces by construction to its inputs, self-citations, or fitted parameters renamed as predictions; the central claim of SNe feedback at nominal >5 Myr ages is an empirical result from separate instruments and is not tautological with the fitting procedure itself.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard assumptions in astrophysical spectral modeling and observational techniques rather than new free parameters or postulated entities.

free parameters (1)
  • Stellar population model parameters (e.g., IMF slope, supernova yields)
    These are inputs to the full-spectrum fitting but treated as standard rather than fitted anew in this work.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The stellar population synthesis models accurately represent the FUV spectra of young clusters at low metallicity
    Invoked in the full-spectrum fitting analysis described in the abstract.
  • domain assumption Outflow velocities measured in MUSE data within the COS aperture size directly trace the feedback from the observed clusters
    Stated as 'matching the size of the COS aperture' for the outflow measurements.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5821 in / 1416 out tokens · 41376 ms · 2026-06-28T21:08:55.498372+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

132 extracted references · 124 canonical work pages · 6 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    CLASSY XIV: The Nitrogen Exception -- Multi-Phase Enrichment and Feedback in High- z Analogs. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  2. [18]

    ARA&A , keywords =

    Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110615 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0610356 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110615

  3. [77]

    , keywords =

    Infrared emission and star formation in NGC 5253. , keywords =

  4. [95]

    On Measuring Chemical Abundances in Distant Galaxies Using Global Emission Line Spectra

    On Measuring Nebular Chemical Abundances in Distant Galaxies Using Global Emission-Line Spectra. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/306987 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9811006 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/306987

  5. [118]

    COS Data Handbook v. 5.1. COS Data Handbook v. 5.1 , year = 2022, volume =

    2022

  6. [120]

    NGC 5253 and ESO 269-G058: Dwarf Galaxies with a Past

    NGC 5253 and ESO 269-G058: Dwarf Galaxies with a Past. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/521984 , archivePrefix =. 0709.3761 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/521984

  7. [129]

    VoigtFit: Absorption line fitting for Voigt profiles

  8. [131]

    L., Aloisi , A., et al

    Abril-Melgarejo , V., James , B. L., Aloisi , A., et al. 2024, title Mapping Multi-Phase Metals in Star-forming Galaxies: a spatially resolved UV + Optical Study of NGC 5253 , arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2406.16553, 10.48550/arXiv.2406.16553

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.16553 2024

  9. [132]

    2010, title On the Origin of the Red Excess in Very Young Super Star Clusters: The Case of SBS 0335-052E , , 725, 1620, 10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/1620

    Adamo , A., Zackrisson , E., \"O stlin , G., & Hayes , M. 2010, title On the Origin of the Red Excess in Very Young Super Star Clusters: The Case of SBS 0335-052E , , 725, 1620, 10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/1620

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/725/2/1620 2010

  10. [133]

    E., Messa, M., et al

    Adamo , A., Ryon , J. E., Messa , M., et al. 2017, title Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey with The Hubble Space Telescope: Stellar Cluster Catalogs and First Insights Into Cluster Formation and Evolution in NGC 628 , , 841, 131, 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7132

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7132 2017

  11. [134]

    Aller , L. H. 1984, Physics of thermal gaseous nebulae , 10.1007/978-94-010-9639-3

    work page doi:10.1007/978-94-010-9639-3 1984

  12. [135]

    J., et al

    Alonso-Herrero , A., Takagi , T., Baker , A. J., et al. 2004, title Obscured Star Formation in the Central Region of the Dwarf Galaxy NGC 5253 , , 612, 222, 10.1086/422448

    work page doi:10.1086/422448 2004

  13. [136]

    O., Rodr \' guez-Henr \' quez , M., Fern \'a ndez , V., et al

    Amor \' n , R. O., Rodr \' guez-Henr \' quez , M., Fern \'a ndez , V., et al. 2024, title Ubiquitous broad-line emission and the relation between ionized gas outflows and Lyman continuum escape in Green Pea galaxies , , 682, L25, 10.1051/0004-6361/202449175

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449175 2024

  14. [137]

    2024, title A comparative study of star-forming dwarf galaxies using the UVIT , , 530, 2199, 10.1093/mnras/stae907

    Amrutha , S., Das , M., & Yadav , J. 2024, title A comparative study of star-forming dwarf galaxies using the UVIT , , 530, 2199, 10.1093/mnras/stae907

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae907 2024

  15. [138]

    Alvensleben , U

    Anders , P., & Fritze-v. Alvensleben , U. 2003, title Spectral and photometric evolution of young stellar populations: The impact of gaseous emission at various metallicities , , 401, 1063, 10.1051/0004-6361:20030151

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030151 2003

  16. [139]

    Z., Berg , D

    Arellano-C \'o rdova , K. Z., Berg , D. A., Mingozzi , M., et al. 2025, title CLASSY XII: nitrogen enrichment shaped by gas density and feedback , , 544, 1588, 10.1093/mnras/staf1723

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1723 2025

  17. [140]

    J., & Scott, P

    Asplund , M., Grevesse , N., Sauval , A. J., & Scott , P. 2009, title The Chemical Composition of the Sun , , 47, 481, 10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222 2009

  18. [141]

    2024, title Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS)

    Bait , O., Borthakur , S., Schaerer , D., et al. 2024, title Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS). Radio continuum properties of low-z Lyman continuum emitters , , 688, A198, 10.1051/0004-6361/202348416

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348416 2024

  19. [142]

    T., Glover, S

    Barnes , A. T., Glover , S. C. O., Kreckel , K., et al. 2021, title Comparing the pre-SNe feedback and environmental pressures for 6000 H II regions across 19 nearby spiral galaxies , , 508, 5362, 10.1093/mnras/stab2958

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2958 2021

  20. [143]

    K., S \'a nchez , S

    Barrera-Ballesteros , J. K., S \'a nchez , S. F., Heckman , T., et al. 2021, title The EDGE-CALIFA survey: self-regulation of star formation at kpc scales , , 503, 3643, 10.1093/mnras/stab755

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab755 2021

  21. [144]

    C., Turner , J

    Beck , S. C., Turner , J. L., Ho , P. T. P., Lacy , J. H., & Kelly , D. M. 1996, title The Central Star Cluster of the Star-forming Dwarf Galaxy NGC 5253 , , 457, 610, 10.1086/176757

    work page doi:10.1086/176757 1996

  22. [145]

    Bending , T. J. R., Dobbs , C. L., & Bate , M. R. 2022, title Supernovae and photoionizing feedback in spiral arm molecular clouds , , 513, 2088, 10.1093/mnras/stac965

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac965 2022

  23. [146]

    A., James , B

    Berg , D. A., James , B. L., King , T., et al. 2022, title The COS Legacy Archive Spectroscopy Survey (CLASSY) Treasury Atlas , , 261, 31, 10.3847/1538-4365/ac6c03

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac6c03 2022

  24. [147]

    2018, title Super star cluster feedback driving ionization, shocks and outflows in the halo of the nearby starburst ESO 338-IG04 , , 619, A131, 10.1051/0004-6361/201833916

    Bik , A., \"O stlin , G., Menacho , V., et al. 2018, title Super star cluster feedback driving ionization, shocks and outflows in the halo of the nearby starburst ESO 338-IG04 , , 619, A131, 10.1051/0004-6361/201833916

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833916 2018

  25. [148]

    2009, title The broad H , [O III] line wings in stellar supercluster A of NGC 2363 and the turbulent mixing layer hypothesis , , 500, 817, 10.1051/0004-6361/200811132

    Binette , L., Drissen , L., Ubeda , L., et al. 2009, title The broad H , [O III] line wings in stellar supercluster A of NGC 2363 and the turbulent mixing layer hypothesis , , 500, 817, 10.1051/0004-6361/200811132

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811132 2009

  26. [149]

    J., Saxena, A., Cameron, A

    Bunker , A. J., Saxena , A., Cameron , A. J., et al. 2023, title JADES NIRSpec Spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman- emission and possible enhanced nitrogen abundance in a z = 10.60 luminous galaxy , , 677, A88, 10.1051/0004-6361/202346159

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346159 2023

  27. [150]

    Caldwell , N., & Phillips , M. M. 1989, title Star Formation in NGC 5253 , , 338, 789, 10.1086/167236

    work page doi:10.1086/167236 1989

  28. [151]

    C., et al.\ 2000, , 533, 682, doi:10.1086/308692

    Calzetti , D., Armus , L., Bohlin , R. C., et al. 2000, title The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-forming Galaxies , , 533, 682, 10.1086/308692

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.1086/308692 2000

  29. [152]

    2004, title The Ionized Gas in Local Starburst Galaxies: Global and Small-Scale Feedback from Star Formation , , 127, 1405, 10.1086/382095

    Calzetti , D., Harris , J., Gallagher , John S., I., et al. 2004, title The Ionized Gas in Local Starburst Galaxies: Global and Small-Scale Feedback from Star Formation , , 127, 1405, 10.1086/382095

    work page doi:10.1086/382095 2004

  30. [153]

    R., Bohlin , R

    Calzetti , D., Meurer , G. R., Bohlin , R. C., et al. 1997, title Dust and Recent Star Formation in the Core of NGC 5253 , , 114, 1834, 10.1086/118609

    work page doi:10.1086/118609 1997

  31. [154]

    E., Adamo , A., et al

    Calzetti , D., Johnson , K. E., Adamo , A., et al. 2015 a , title The Brightest Young Star Clusters in NGC 5253. , , 811, 75, 10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/75

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/811/2/75 2015

  32. [155]

    C., Sabbi , E., et al

    Calzetti , D., Lee , J. C., Sabbi , E., et al. 2015 b , title Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey (LEGUS) With the Hubble Space Telescope. I. Survey Description , , 149, 51, 10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/51

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/51 2015

  33. [156]

    J., Katz , H., Rey , M

    Cameron , A. J., Katz , H., Rey , M. P., & Saxena , A. 2023, title Nitrogen enhancements 440 Myr after the big bang: supersolar N/O, a tidal disruption event, or a dense stellar cluster in GN-z11? , , 523, 3516, 10.1093/mnras/stad1579

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1579 2023

  34. [157]

    2020, title Missing [C II] emission from early galaxies , , 499, 5136, 10.1093/mnras/staa3178

    Carniani , S., Ferrara , A., Maiolino , R., et al. 2020, title Missing [C II] emission from early galaxies , , 499, 5136, 10.1093/mnras/staa3178

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3178 2020

  35. [158]

    A., Cen , R., Scarlata , C., et al

    Carr , C. A., Cen , R., Scarlata , C., et al. 2025, title The Effect of Radiation and Supernovae Feedback on LyC Escape in Local Star-forming Galaxies , , 982, 137, 10.3847/1538-4357/adb72f

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb72f 2025

  36. [159]

    O., Vilchez , J

    Castaneda , H. O., Vilchez , J. M., & Copetti , M. V. F. 1990, title A Remarkable Feature in the Giant Extragalactic H II Region NGC 5471 , , 365, 164, 10.1086/169466

    work page doi:10.1086/169466 1990

  37. [160]

    Chevance , M., Kruijssen , J. M. D., Hygate , A. P. S., et al. 2020, title The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies , , 493, 2872, 10.1093/mnras/stz3525

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3525 2020

  38. [161]

    Chevance , M., Kruijssen , J. M. D., Krumholz , M. R., et al. 2022, title Pre-supernova feedback mechanisms drive the destruction of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies , , 509, 272, 10.1093/mnras/stab2938

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2938 2022

  39. [162]

    R., Bayliss , M., et al

    Chisholm , J., Rigby , J. R., Bayliss , M., et al. 2019, title Constraining the Metallicities, Ages, Star Formation Histories, and Ionizing Continua of Extragalactic Massive Star Populations , , 882, 182, 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3104

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3104 2019

  40. [163]

    P., Turner , J

    Cohen , D. P., Turner , J. L., Consiglio , S. M., Martin , E. C., & Beck , S. C. 2018, title Ionized Gas Motions and the Structure of Feedback near a Forming Globular Cluster in NGC 5253 , , 860, 47, 10.3847/1538-4357/aac170

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac170 2018

  41. [164]

    O., Lee , J

    Cook , D. O., Lee , J. C., Adamo , A., et al. 2019, title Star cluster catalogues for the LEGUS dwarf galaxies , , 484, 4897, 10.1093/mnras/stz331

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz331 2019

  42. [165]

    O., Lee , J

    Cook , D. O., Lee , J. C., Adamo , A., et al. 2023, title Fraction of stars in clusters for the LEGUS dwarf galaxies , , 519, 3749, 10.1093/mnras/stac3748

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3748 2023

  43. [166]

    C., Lebouteiller , V., et al

    Cormier , D., Madden , S. C., Lebouteiller , V., et al. 2015, title The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey. I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy , , 578, A53, 10.1051/0004-6361/201425207

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425207 2015

  44. [167]

    A., Cohen , S

    Dale , D. A., Cohen , S. A., Johnson , L. C., et al. 2009, title The Spitzer Local Volume Legacy: Survey Description and Infrared Photometry , , 703, 517, 10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/517

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/703/1/517 2009

  45. [168]

    W., Keeney , B

    Danforth , C. W., Keeney , B. A., Stocke , J. T., Shull , J. M., & Yao , Y. 2010, title Hubble/COS Observations of the Ly Forest Toward the BL Lac Object 1ES 1553+113 , , 720, 976, 10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/976

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/720/1/976 2010

  46. [169]

    2013, title The NGC 5253 star cluster system - I

    de Grijs , R., Anders , P., Zackrisson , E., & \"O stlin , G. 2013, title The NGC 5253 star cluster system - I. Standard modelling and infrared-excess sources , , 431, 2917, 10.1093/mnras/stt392

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stt392 2013

  47. [170]

    2013, title Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters

    de Meulenaer , P., Narbutis , D., Mineikis , T., & Vansevi c ius , V. 2013, title Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. I. Age, mass, and extinction degeneracies , , 550, A20, 10.1051/0004-6361/201220674

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220674 2013

  48. [171]

    2014, title Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters

    de Meulenaer , P., Narbutis , D., Mineikis , T., & Vansevi c ius , V. 2014, title Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. II. The degeneracies of age, mass, extinction, and metallicity , , 569, A4, 10.1051/0004-6361/201423988

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423988 2014

  49. [172]

    F., et al

    Della Bruna , L., Adamo , A., McLeod , A. F., et al. 2022, title Stellar feedback in M 83 as observed with MUSE. II. Analysis of the H II region population: Ionisation budget and pre-SN feedback , , 666, A29, 10.1051/0004-6361/202243395

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243395 2022

  50. [173]

    2014, title Carbon and oxygen abundances from recombination lines in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies

    Esteban , C., Garc \' a-Rojas , J., Carigi , L., et al. 2014, title Carbon and oxygen abundances from recombination lines in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies. Implications for chemical evolution , , 443, 624, 10.1093/mnras/stu1177

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1177 2014

  51. [174]

    Ferland , G. J. 1980, title Hydrogenic emission and recombination coefficients for a wide range of temperature and wavelength. , , 92, 596, 10.1086/130718

    work page doi:10.1086/130718 1980

  52. [175]

    R., Jaskot , A

    Flury , S. R., Jaskot , A. E., Saldana-Lopez , A., et al. 2025, title The Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: The Roles of Stellar Feedback and Interstellar Medium Geometry in LyC Escape , , 985, 128, 10.3847/1538-4357/adc305

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc305 2025

  53. [176]

    2023, title The energy and dynamics of trapped radiative feedback with stellar winds , , 526, 1832, 10.1093/mnras/stad2667

    Geen , S., Bieri , R., de Koter , A., Kimm , T., & Rosdahl , J. 2023, title The energy and dynamics of trapped radiative feedback with stellar winds , , 526, 1832, 10.1093/mnras/stad2667

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2667 2023

  54. [177]

    M., Perez , E., Tenorio-Tagle , G., et al

    Gonzalez-Delgado , R. M., Perez , E., Tenorio-Tagle , G., et al. 1994, title Violent Star Formation in NGC 2363 , , 437, 239, 10.1086/174992

    work page doi:10.1086/174992 1994

  55. [178]

    D., Cartledge , S., & Clayton , G

    Gordon , K. D., Cartledge , S., & Clayton , G. C. 2009, title FUSE Measurements of Far-Ultraviolet Extinction. III. The Dependence on R(V) and Discrete Feature Limits from 75 Galactic Sightlines , , 705, 1320, 10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1320

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/705/2/1320 2009

  56. [179]

    A., & Conselice , C

    Harris , J., Calzetti , D., Gallagher , John S., I., Smith , D. A., & Conselice , C. J. 2004, title The Recent Cluster Formation Histories of NGC 5253 and NGC 3077: Environmental Impact on Star Formation , , 603, 503, 10.1086/381669

    work page doi:10.1086/381669 2004

  57. [180]

    2025, title pySTARBURST99: The Next Generation of STARBURST99 , arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2505.24841, 10.48550/arXiv.2505.24841

    Hawcroft , C., Leitherer , C., Arangure , O., et al. 2025, title pySTARBURST99: The Next Generation of STARBURST99 , arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2505.24841, 10.48550/arXiv.2505.24841

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.24841 2025

  58. [181]

    M., & Leitherer , C

    Heckman , T. M., & Leitherer , C. 1997, title Kinematics of the Interstellar Medium in NGC 1705: Implications for Distant Star-Forming Galaxies , , 114, 69, 10.1086/118453

    work page doi:10.1086/118453 1997

  59. [182]

    M., Robert , C., Leitherer , C., Garnett , D

    Heckman , T. M., Robert , C., Leitherer , C., Garnett , D. R., & van der Rydt , F. 1998, title The Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Properties of Local Starbursts: Implications at High Redshift , , 503, 646, 10.1086/306035

    work page doi:10.1086/306035 1998

  60. [183]

    J., Jones , L

    Hernandez , S., Smith , L. J., Jones , L. H., et al. 2025, title JWST/MIRI Detection of [Ne v] and [Ne VI] in M83: Evidence for the Long Sought-after Active Galactic Nucleus? , , 983, 154, 10.3847/1538-4357/adba5d

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adba5d 2025

  61. [184]

    10.1051/0004-6361/201629178

    HI4PI Collaboration , Ben Bekhti , N., Fl \"o er , L., et al. 2016, title HI4PI: A full-sky H I survey based on EBHIS and GASS , , 594, A116, 10.1051/0004-6361/201629178

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629178 2016

  62. [185]

    Ikeuchi , S., & Ostriker , J. P. 1986, title Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium: What Happened during the Epoch Z = 3--10? , , 301, 522, 10.1086/163921

    work page doi:10.1086/163921 1986

  63. [186]

    I., Guseva , N

    Izotov , Y. I., Guseva , N. G., Fricke , K. J., et al. 2021, title Low-redshift compact star-forming galaxies as analogues of high-redshift star-forming galaxies , , 646, A138, 10.1051/0004-6361/202039772

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039772 2021

  64. [187]

    I., Schaerer , D., Worseck , G., et al

    Izotov , Y. I., Schaerer , D., Worseck , G., et al. 2023, title Abundances of CNO elements in z 0.3-0.4 Lyman continuum leaking galaxies , , 522, 1228, 10.1093/mnras/stad1036

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1036 2023

  65. [188]

    L., Aloisi , A., Heckman , T., Sohn , S

    James , B. L., Aloisi , A., Heckman , T., Sohn , S. T., & Wolfe , M. A. 2014, title Investigating Nearby Star-forming Galaxies in the Ultraviolet with HST/COS Spectroscopy. I. Spectral Analysis and Interstellar Abundance Determinations , , 795, 109, 10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/109

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/795/2/109 2014

  66. [189]

    2010, MNRAS, 401, 2343, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15859.x

    James , B. L., Tsamis , Y. G., Barlow , M. J., et al. 2009, title A VLT VIMOS study of the anomalous BCD Mrk996: mapping the ionized gas kinematics and abundances , , 398, 2, 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15172.x

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15172.x 2009

  67. [190]

    L., Abril-Melgarejo , V., Arellano-C \'o rdova , K

    James , B. L., Abril-Melgarejo , V., Arellano-C \'o rdova , K. Z., et al. 2025, title CLASSY XIV: The Nitrogen Exception -- Multi-Phase Enrichment and Feedback in High- z Analogs , arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2512.06271. 2512.06271

    arXiv 2025

  68. [191]

    C., & Oey , M

    Jecmen , M. C., & Oey , M. S. 2023, title Delayed Massive-star Mechanical Feedback at Low Metallicity , , 958, 149, 10.3847/1538-4357/ad0460

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0460 2023

  69. [192]

    H., Hernandez , S., Smith , L

    Jones , L. H., Hernandez , S., Smith , L. J., et al. 2023, title Simultaneous Estimates of Star-cluster Age, Metallicity, Mass, and Extinction (SESAMME). I. Presenting an MCMC Approach to Spectral Stellar Population Fitting , , 959, 20, 10.3847/1538-4357/acfe0f

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfe0f 2023

  70. [193]

    H., Hernandez , S., Smith , L

    Jones , L. H., Hernandez , S., Smith , L. J., et al. 2024, title A JWST/MIRI View of the ISM in M83: I. Resolved Molecular Hydrogen Properties, Star Formation, and Feedback , arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2410.09020, 10.48550/arXiv.2410.09020

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.09020 2024

  71. [194]

    C., Rich , R

    Kaviraj , S., Rey , S. C., Rich , R. M., Yoon , S. J., & Yi , S. K. 2007, title Better age estimation using ultraviolet-optical colours: breaking the age-metallicity degeneracy , , 381, L74, 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00370.x

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00370.x 2007

  72. [195]

    A., Skillman , E

    Kobulnicky , H. A., Skillman , E. D., Roy , J.-R., Walsh , J. R., & Rosa , M. R. 1997, title Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectroscope Spectroscopy of Localized Chemical Enrichment from Massive Stars in NGC 5253 , , 477, 679, 10.1086/303742

    work page doi:10.1086/303742 1997

  73. [196]

    S., Krumholz , M

    Komarova , L., Oey , M. S., Krumholz , M. R., et al. 2021, title Emission-line Wings Driven by Lyman Continuum in the Green Pea Analog Mrk 71 , , 920, L46, 10.3847/2041-8213/ac2c09

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2c09 2021

  74. [197]

    2018, VoigtFit: Absorption line fitting for Voigt profiles ,, Astrophysics Source Code Library, record ascl:1811.016

    Krogager , J.-K. 2018, VoigtFit: Absorption line fitting for Voigt profiles ,, Astrophysics Source Code Library, record ascl:1811.016

    2018

  75. [198]

    2000, title The most metal-poor galaxies , , 10, 1, 10.1007/s001590000005

    Kunth , D., & \"O stlin , G. 2000, title The most metal-poor galaxies , , 10, 1, 10.1007/s001590000005

    work page doi:10.1007/s001590000005 2000

  76. [199]

    G., Chandar , R., & Whitmore , B

    Lee , M. G., Chandar , R., & Whitmore , B. C. 2005, title Properties of Resolved Star Clusters in M51 , , 130, 2128, 10.1086/491786

    work page doi:10.1086/491786 2005

  77. [200]

    2014, title The Effects of Stellar Rotation

    Leitherer , C., Ekstr \"o m , S., Meynet , G., et al. 2014, title The Effects of Stellar Rotation. II. A Comprehensive Set of Starburst99 Models , , 212, 14, 10.1088/0067-0049/212/1/14

    work page doi:10.1088/0067-0049/212/1/14 2014

  78. [201]

    Leitherer , C., & Heckman , T. M. 1995, title Synthetic Properties of Starburst Galaxies , , 96, 9, 10.1086/192112

    work page doi:10.1086/192112 1995

  79. [202]

    A., Heckman , T

    Leitherer , C., Tremonti , C. A., Heckman , T. M., & Calzetti , D. 2011, title An Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Atlas of Local Starbursts and Star-forming Galaxies: The Legacy of FOS and GHRS , , 141, 37, 10.1088/0004-6256/141/2/37

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/2/37 2011

  80. [203]

    D., et al

    Leitherer , C., Schaerer , D., Goldader , J. D., et al. 1999, title Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation , , 123, 3, 10.1086/313233

    work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.1086/313233 1999

Showing first 80 references.