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Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems

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arxiv 2401.05778 v1 pith:YOLSFPNO submitted 2024-01-11 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords systemslanguagemodulemitigationassessmentbenchmarkscomprehensivecorresponding
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large language models (LLMs) have strong capabilities in solving diverse natural language processing tasks. However, the safety and security issues of LLM systems have become the major obstacle to their widespread application. Many studies have extensively investigated risks in LLM systems and developed the corresponding mitigation strategies. Leading-edge enterprises such as OpenAI, Google, Meta, and Anthropic have also made lots of efforts on responsible LLMs. Therefore, there is a growing need to organize the existing studies and establish comprehensive taxonomies for the community. In this paper, we delve into four essential modules of an LLM system, including an input module for receiving prompts, a language model trained on extensive corpora, a toolchain module for development and deployment, and an output module for exporting LLM-generated content. Based on this, we propose a comprehensive taxonomy, which systematically analyzes potential risks associated with each module of an LLM system and discusses the corresponding mitigation strategies. Furthermore, we review prevalent benchmarks, aiming to facilitate the risk assessment of LLM systems. We hope that this paper can help LLM participants embrace a systematic perspective to build their responsible LLM systems.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 13 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Understanding the Supply Chain and Risks of Large Language Model Applications

    cs.SE 2025-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A new benchmark dataset traces dependencies across 3,859 LLM applications, 109,211 models, 2,474 datasets, and 8,862 libraries, and finds widespread known vulnerabilities in application dependencies.

  2. LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systems

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic review that categorizes LLM threats, severity scores, and mitigations across development and operation life cycles and multiple deployment scenarios.

  3. YouthSafe: A Youth-Centric Safety Benchmark and Safeguard Model for Large Language Models

    cs.HC 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Introduces YAIR, a youth-GenAI risk benchmark, and YouthSafe, a fine-tuned classifier with AUPRC 0.94 on it, though it compares a trained model to untrained baselines.

  4. LLM Harms: A Taxonomy and Discussion

    cs.CY 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    This paper proposes a taxonomy of LLM harms in five categories and suggests mitigation strategies plus a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.

  5. OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for General Computing Devices Use

    cs.AI 2025-08 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

    A structured survey of MLLM-based OS Agents that control computers and mobile devices through GUIs, covering models, frameworks, evaluation protocols, and benchmarks.

  6. A Survey on Proactive Defense Strategies Against Misinformation in Large Language Models

    cs.IR 2025-07 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey claims proactive defenses against LLM misinformation outperform post-hoc detection by up to 63%, but no meta-analysis details are provided to support the claim.

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