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arxiv: 2606.28508 · v1 · pith:YYAKPUVHnew · submitted 2026-06-26 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci · physics.app-ph

Microscopic and macroscopic characterization: MBE-grown versus sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au thin films for CISS and MIPAC effect studies

Lokesh Rasabathina , Thi Ngoc Ha Nguyen , Aleksandr Kazimir , Rico Ehrler , Julia Krone , Franziska Sch\"olzel , Zihao Liu , Peter Heinig
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Markus G\"o{\ss}ler Irene Coin Christina Lamers Georgeta Salvan Lech Tomasz Baczewski Christoph Tegenkamp Olav Hellwig
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Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 00:35 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.app-ph
keywords chirality-induced spin selectivityMIPACAu/Co/Au thin filmsmolecular beam epitaxymagnetron sputteringchiral peptidesscanning tunneling spectroscopymagneto-optical Kerr effect
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The pith

Microscopic CISS signatures are similar on MBE and sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au films while macroscopic MIPAC magnetic responses appear only in sputtered samples

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper compares Au/Co/Au ferromagnetic thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy versus magnetron sputtering to determine how deposition method and resulting microstructure influence chirality-induced spin selectivity and the magnetization induced by proximity of adsorbed chiral molecules after L-chiral peptide adsorption. X-ray and microscopy data show that both film types present locally smooth Au(111) regions suitable for peptide adsorption, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy after peptide exposure yields comparable magnetization-direction-dependent tunneling currents in both. Macroscopic magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements, however, detect peptide-induced coercivity increases and domain-wall velocity reductions only in the sputter-deposited films. The central effort is therefore to separate length-scale-dependent sensitivities of these two spin-related phenomena to substrate microstructure.

Core claim

These results suggest that microscopic CISS signatures are robust for both sample types, whereas macroscopic MIPAC-type magnetic responses are more sensitive to the substrate microstructure.

What carries the argument

Side-by-side microscopic (scanning tunneling spectroscopy) and macroscopic (magneto-optical Kerr effect) measurements on peptide-exposed MBE-grown versus sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au films, with supporting X-ray reflectivity, diffraction, and surface imaging to characterize microstructure differences.

If this is right

  • Local CISS effects remain accessible with either deposition technique provided locally smooth Au(111) regions exist.
  • Macroscopic MIPAC-type magnetic modifications require the grain or interface features typical of sputter deposition.
  • Sharper interfaces produced by MBE do not enhance or suppress the local CISS magnitude.
  • Device concepts relying on MIPAC must account for deposition-method dependence at the macroscopic scale.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Grain boundaries or roughness present in sputtered films may enable the collective magnetic response underlying MIPAC while being absent in MBE films.
  • Spintronic devices that need only microscopic CISS can tolerate a wider range of fabrication methods than those that also require MIPAC.
  • Systematic variation of grain size or defect density in future films could map the threshold microstructure needed for observable MIPAC.

Load-bearing premise

Peptide adsorption conditions, surface cleanliness, and measurement setups are equivalent between the two film types so that observed differences can be attributed only to deposition-induced microstructure variations.

What would settle it

Detection of clearly different CISS magnitudes in scanning tunneling spectroscopy between the two sample types, or detection of comparable macroscopic coercivity and domain-wall changes in the MBE sample, would undermine the claimed separation of microscopic robustness from macroscopic microstructure sensitivity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.28508 by Aleksandr Kazimir, Christina Lamers, Christoph Tegenkamp, Franziska Sch\"olzel, Georgeta Salvan, Irene Coin, Julia Krone, Lech Tomasz Baczewski, Lokesh Rasabathina, Markus G\"o{\ss}ler, Olav Hellwig, Peter Heinig, Rico Ehrler, Thi Ngoc Ha Nguyen, Zihao Liu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (a,b) layer stack of MBE-grown sample and sputter-deposited sample; (c) XRR curves and corresponding best fits (red lines); (d) Scattering length density (SLD) profiles derived from XRR data, the depth z is aligned to the center of the Co film, with the literature value of bulk Co in red. The XRR curves for both samples show characteristic thickness oscillations arising from the different electron density … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: (a) XRD patterns of MBE-grown and sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au samples highlighting sharper peaks and intense Laue oscillations for the MBE-grown sample, which are way less pronounced for the sputter-deposited sample; (b) Enlarged view of XRD patterns in the 2nd order to better separate the Au(2 2 2) and Pt(2 2 2) peak; (c) Rocking curves measured at the Au(1 1 1) reflection, with FWHM of 0.14° and 3.15° for… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Pole figure measurements for the Au{1 1 1} lattice plane family for (a) the MBE and (b) the sputter￾deposited sample. α denotes the polar angle relative to the film normal, and β is the azimuthal angle of the IP rotation. The pole figures were measured at the 2θ angles extracted from the OOP-XRD in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: (a) XRD in-plane Bragg scans indicating the Au(2 2 0) peak from the MBE-grown and sputter-deposited sample. We can also see Pt(2 2 0), Co(2 1 1 0) and Kβ Au(2 2 0)(arising from Kβ radiation) peaks only from the MBE￾grown sample; (b) in-plane ϕ-scans of the Au(2 2 0) Bragg peak. The MBE sample shows the expected 6-fold symmetry of the fcc(2 2 0) lattice family, whereas the sputter-deposited sample has an al… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: AFM images of (a) MBE-grown and (b) sputter-deposited samples with their respective line profiles in (c,d); STM images of (e,f ) MBE-grown and (h,i) sputter-deposited samples, with their respective line profiles (g,j). The MBE-grown sample shows larger and more laterally interconnected surface features, whereas the sputter-deposited sample exhibits a more isolated granular morphology. Note the slightly dif… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The large-scale AFM image in Fig. 5(a) reveals that the MBE-grown sample shows a more intercon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: (a) XPS survey spectra of peptides of varying lengths on Au substrates, highlighting N1s, C1s, and O1s core level regions; (b) Au4f core level spectra ; (c) S2p core level spectra with respect to the increase in peptide length. 12 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: a) Schematic representation of the STS setup - the Co layer thickness for MBE-grown and sputter-deposited samples are 1.2 nm and 0.9 nm, respectively; b) Magnetization-dependent tip-sample distance (∆z) measurements on the sputter-deposited sample under constant current STM mode; Magnetization-dependent I-V curves measured by STS on c) MBE-grown and d) sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au films after peptide adsorpt… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: MOKE hysteresis loops before and after peptide exposure (a) MBE-grown Au/Co/Au sample and (b) sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au sample. The sputter-deposited sample has slightly enhanced coercivity after exposure to the peptides, while the MBE-grown sample has no coercivity enhancement after exposure to peptides. Domain wall motion of (c) before and (d) after peptide exposure on the sputter-deposited sample. The … view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) enables spin-dependent transport at chiral molecule/Au(111) interfaces and is used in spintronics when combined with ferromagnetic thin films in spin-valve-type hybrids. However, the influence of substrate microstructure on CISS and the related magnetization induced by the proximity of adsorbed chiral molecules (MIPAC) effect is still not well understood. In this study, we compare the effects of the adsorption of L-chiral alpha-helical alanine-rich peptides on Au/Co/Au ferromagnetic thin films fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and magnetron sputtering. X-ray reflectivity and X-ray diffraction show sharper interfaces and a narrower Au(111) rocking-curve width for the MBE-grown sample. However, atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy images reveal that both sample types have locally smooth Au(111) surface regions suitable for peptide adsorption, despite clear differences in larger-scale morphology. Microscopic scanning tunneling spectroscopy after peptide exposure yields similar magnetization-direction-dependent tunneling currents in both sample types, confirming a similar magnitude CISS effect on the molecular scale. In contrast, macroscopic magneto-optical Kerr effect hysteresis loops and effect microscopy reveals that only sputter-deposited samples show slight coercivity enhancements and a consistent reduction in domain wall velocity after peptide exposure. These results suggest that microscopic CISS signatures are robust for both sample types, whereas macroscopic MIPAC-type magnetic responses are more sensitive to the substrate microstructure.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript compares MBE-grown versus sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au thin films using XRR, XRD, AFM, STM/STS, and MOKE before and after L-chiral peptide adsorption. It reports similar local Au(111) smoothness and magnetization-dependent tunneling currents (CISS) in both film types via STS, but observes coercivity enhancement and reduced domain-wall velocity only in the sputtered films via MOKE, concluding that microscopic CISS is robust while macroscopic MIPAC responses are microstructure-sensitive.

Significance. If the attribution of MIPAC differences to microstructure holds after controls, the distinction between scale-dependent responses would be useful for CISS-based spintronics fabrication. The multi-technique characterization (XRR/XRD for interfaces, AFM/STM for local morphology, STS for local CISS, MOKE for macro magnetism) is a positive aspect of the experimental design.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim that 'macroscopic MIPAC-type magnetic responses are more sensitive to the substrate microstructure' requires that peptide adsorption conditions, coverage, and interface quality are equivalent between MBE and sputtered films. No quantitative cross-checks (XPS coverage, ellipsometry thickness, or identical MOKE sweep protocols) are described, so the observed MOKE contrast cannot be cleanly attributed to microstructure rather than adsorption variables.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract and Results (MOKE and STS sections): The reported differences in coercivity and domain-wall velocity are described qualitatively without error bars, standard deviations, number of samples measured, or statistical tests. This makes it impossible to assess whether the 'slight' enhancements and velocity reductions are significant or reproducible, directly weakening the differential-sensitivity conclusion.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and figure captions would benefit from explicit statement of the number of independent samples and measurement repetitions for each technique.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major point below, indicating where revisions will be made to improve clarity and rigor while preserving the core findings.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim that 'macroscopic MIPAC-type magnetic responses are more sensitive to the substrate microstructure' requires that peptide adsorption conditions, coverage, and interface quality are equivalent between MBE and sputtered films. No quantitative cross-checks (XPS coverage, ellipsometry thickness, or identical MOKE sweep protocols) are described, so the observed MOKE contrast cannot be cleanly attributed to microstructure rather than adsorption variables.

    Authors: We agree that explicit confirmation of equivalent adsorption conditions strengthens the attribution to microstructure. XRR data already quantify sharper interfaces in MBE films, while AFM/STM and STS confirm locally comparable Au(111) smoothness and identical CISS signatures in both film types. MOKE measurements were performed with identical sweep protocols, field ranges, and sample mounting for both sets. Although XPS and ellipsometry coverage data are not available, the local-probe equivalence at the molecular scale supports that differences in macroscopic response arise from microstructure rather than adsorption variability. We will revise the abstract and methods to explicitly state the identical MOKE protocols and add a brief discussion of this limitation. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and Results (MOKE and STS sections): The reported differences in coercivity and domain-wall velocity are described qualitatively without error bars, standard deviations, number of samples measured, or statistical tests. This makes it impossible to assess whether the 'slight' enhancements and velocity reductions are significant or reproducible, directly weakening the differential-sensitivity conclusion.

    Authors: We concur that quantitative presentation of the MOKE results is needed. In the revised manuscript we will add error bars to coercivity values, report the number of samples and independent measurements, include standard deviations, and note the reproducibility across runs. Domain-wall velocity data from magneto-optical microscopy will likewise be accompanied by measurement statistics and a short discussion of variability. These additions will allow direct evaluation of significance without changing the reported trends. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental comparison with no derivations or self-referential predictions

full rationale

The paper is a side-by-side experimental characterization of MBE-grown versus sputter-deposited Au/Co/Au films. All reported contrasts (sharper interfaces via XRR/XRD for MBE, locally smooth Au(111) regions via AFM/STM for both, similar CISS via STS tunneling currents, and MIPAC-type MOKE differences only in sputtered samples) rest on direct measurements without equations, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations. No derivation chain exists that could reduce to the authors' own inputs by construction. The central claim that microscopic CISS is robust while macroscopic MIPAC responses are microstructure-sensitive follows from the presented data sets rather than from any definitional or self-referential step.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is an experimental comparison relying on standard thin-film growth and surface science techniques without introducing new free parameters or entities.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard thin-film deposition and characterization techniques (MBE, sputtering, XRR, XRD, AFM, STM, MOKE) produce reliable, comparable data when applied to Au/Co/Au systems.
    Invoked throughout the abstract to interpret differences between sample types.

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