Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 80 of 80 outbound references and 15 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.00154.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.00154 v1

Coverage vector

measured 80 of 80 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.952116Z

measured 95 of 95 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 15 of 15 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T20:56:19.564026Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

80 of 80 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy1
unresolved75
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External citation measurements

0
arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

Observation 69e43fe0-4518-4a76-9647-dbf0c4145d6e · outbound

This paper cites 2018, ApJ, 858, 115, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aabfc1.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2018, ApJ, 858, 115, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aabfc1

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:03.327805Z

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Observation 5b3aa91b-702f-4323-a56d-034f323a781e · outbound

This paper cites 1999, NuPhA, 656, 3, doi: 10.1016/S0375-9474(99)00030-5.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 1999, NuPhA, 656, 3, doi: 10.1016/S0375-9474(99)00030-5

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:03.431678Z

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Observation 88772cf1-0aac-4c52-80d5-25e1d29f8267 · outbound

This paper cites J., & Scott, P.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 J., & Scott, P

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:03.532530Z

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Observation 515713df-d941-4ff8-b154-66e5011e0f6e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:03.664659Z

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Observation e5e6daf7-9f44-46db-ba05-b4ce1cade533 · outbound

This paper cites 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2508.08558, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2508.08558.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2508.08558, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2508.08558

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:03.835124Z

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Observation e7a6cdc1-bb8a-4ba5-97af-ea7154e28a65 · outbound

This paper cites Accretion Feedback from newly-formed black holes and its implications for LIGO Sources.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Accretion Feedback from newly-formed black holes and its implications for LIGO Sources

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:03.987739Z

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Observation 1e4655c4-2257-4c51-a673-a90cffa9f736 · outbound

This paper cites Accretion Disk Models.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Accretion Disk Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.063691Z

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Observation 85821dfb-5a2f-4289-bac6-63ad622ca566 · outbound

This paper cites E., Cantiello, M., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 E., Cantiello, M., et al

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.150163Z

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Observation a0b85476-baf4-4317-a20f-a4feaf111a33 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:12.641562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation c34f1fa1-e1c4-4150-b4e7-9f25a6400a18 · outbound

This paper cites I., Dewitt, H.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 I., Dewitt, H

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.289635Z

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Observation c10a0981-6c8a-4a20-8e4e-f0b03c259cd5 · outbound

This paper cites 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2508.10088, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2508.10088.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2508.10088, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2508.10088

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.414751Z

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Observation a147927a-7285-488b-8232-3226535d5191 · outbound

This paper cites A., Caballero-Nieves, S.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 A., Caballero-Nieves, S

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.557631Z

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Observation 4b8543fe-f7cf-4448-b971-f75ecc44d60d · outbound

This paper cites 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2507.20778, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.20778.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2507.20778, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.20778

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:11.817626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 5adc969d-952c-420d-a213-f335fd284a52 · outbound

This paper cites GW231123: A Possible Primordial Black Hole Origin.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 GW231123: A Possible Primordial Black Hole Origin

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.697083Z

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Observation 12817b47-3455-42d6-acad-b591a4082b34 · outbound

This paper cites Prospects for the formation of GW231123 from the AGN channel.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Prospects for the formation of GW231123 from the AGN channel

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.752839Z

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Observation 21a16a87-a4bc-4de0-8905-c2825251bbc4 · outbound

This paper cites Cosmic Rates of Black Hole Mergers and Pair-Instability Supernovae from Chemically Homogeneous Binary Evolution.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Cosmic Rates of Black Hole Mergers and Pair-Instability Supernovae from Chemically Homogeneous Binary Evolution

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.833803Z

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Observation 1475653c-5369-428c-bf40-1e23dd020952 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:04.914518Z

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Observation f2ba0fe8-6e05-4756-b141-260016ed47dc · outbound

This paper cites 2020, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 902, L36, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/abbadd.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2020, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 902, L36, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/abbadd

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.043660Z

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Observation c4fb2903-ed3d-445f-be73-7152587dfd33 · outbound

This paper cites 2019, The Astrophysical Journal, 887, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab518b.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2019, The Astrophysical Journal, 887, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab518b

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.186172Z

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Observation e676de57-42b6-4e65-9a2d-4cd1ab97fd6b · outbound

This paper cites E., & Farr, B.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 E., & Farr, B

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.305955Z

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Observation d6dace73-632d-41ef-8098-a79bbec1a92c · outbound

This paper cites 2015, Science, 350, 423, doi: 10.1126/science.aac6933.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2015, Science, 350, 423, doi: 10.1126/science.aac6933

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.417026Z

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Observation 5ba7d9d7-f75e-4338-bf68-c037cf67def5 · outbound

This paper cites 2022, MNRAS, 511, 3951, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac317.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2022, MNRAS, 511, 3951, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac317

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.532500Z

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Observation c5eaf6c1-dae1-47d0-8727-cf7266731789 · outbound

This paper cites 2017, PhRvD, 95, 124046, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.95.124046.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2017, PhRvD, 95, 124046, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.95.124046

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.665789Z

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Observation 432ee53a-e3a0-400a-897b-7b394c965336 · outbound

This paper cites 2021, Nature Astronomy, 5, 749–760, doi: 10.1038/s41550-021-01398-w.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2021, Nature Astronomy, 5, 749–760, doi: 10.1038/s41550-021-01398-w

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.793503Z

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Observation 642eaa9c-7481-4583-a65c-40bbee2cffa1 · outbound

This paper cites D., Issa, D., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 D., Issa, D., et al

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:11.621466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 7afb850b-3320-4aa1-9753-e4c82115c5df · outbound

This paper cites R., Koesterke, L., & Wessolowski, U.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 R., Koesterke, L., & Wessolowski, U

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:12.571231Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation c789e3b1-b3ea-49c4-8630-979243752479 · outbound

This paper cites 2020, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 641, A86, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038499.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2020, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 641, A86, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038499

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.901211Z

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Observation 3c715278-ae34-43e9-b1e9-10ceafbc4c07 · outbound

This paper cites 2000, ApJ, 544, 1016, doi: 10.1086/317239.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2000, ApJ, 544, 1016, doi: 10.1086/317239

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:05.981818Z

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Observation c07c77f0-6312-4a42-8a3f-cb5637e7174d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.087101Z

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Observation e0b6202a-a358-4aa5-946c-2ea34ec979ea · outbound

This paper cites 2002, in Lighthouses of the Universe: The Most Luminous Celestial Objects and Their Use for Cosmology, ed.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2002, in Lighthouses of the Universe: The Most Luminous Celestial Objects and Their Use for Cosmology, ed

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.192776Z

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Observation bc5e0348-b39e-4513-b2b8-fc84ee4d8db5 · outbound

This paper cites A., & Rogers, F.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 A., & Rogers, F

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.429750Z

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Observation 892dc854-90b8-4ff5-a948-bdc15c0dee9a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.557610Z

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Observation 3c080255-ac1c-443a-a744-1b5238774278 · outbound

This paper cites 1996, ApJS, 102, 411, doi: 10.1086/192264.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 1996, ApJS, 102, 411, doi: 10.1086/192264

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.673447Z

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Observation 7aa3ad6d-1fe5-4c6a-a82a-2fbadaae9fad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.785901Z

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Observation 13a0e3c3-66e9-4ce0-9cd0-232a54b3326b · outbound

This paper cites S., Bauer, E.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 S., Bauer, E

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:06.937985Z

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Observation f50069b6-ea31-447f-a9a4-25eaba57321a · outbound

This paper cites R., & Kolb, U.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 R., & Kolb, U

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.064834Z

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Observation 5a8c5c88-6482-43ef-85e6-a20e97cdddc4 · outbound

This paper cites J., & Sugimoto, D.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 J., & Sugimoto, D

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.191557Z

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Observation cc02eb7c-8339-4782-aa6d-cc2d2824f9c3 · outbound

This paper cites 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2507.17551, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.17551.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2507.17551, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.17551

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.312302Z

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Observation 2e9fe3d9-ffb5-4207-b1c6-3095743cb2db · outbound

This paper cites 2023, ApJ, 952, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acdb74.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2023, ApJ, 952, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acdb74

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.440821Z

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Observation 2ecdaaf3-a91e-46c1-bfec-bc8bd20cf1e6 · outbound

This paper cites 1987, A&A, 178, 159.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 1987, A&A, 178, 159

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.627207Z

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Observation 63c504a9-3bfd-4985-ae86-7a742ca42287 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.760411Z

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Observation 68b0b91a-f6d7-4a0e-a651-2d27bc511633 · outbound

This paper cites M., & Moriya, T.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 M., & Moriya, T

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.870591Z

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Observation e97b0e28-df44-48b2-96c7-9ddc3b252a28 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:07.979659Z

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Observation 90ab8690-5150-4e87-b9d6-9053db942b74 · outbound

This paper cites 2024, A&A, 691, A339, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348190.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2024, A&A, 691, A339, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348190

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.057307Z

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Observation 04b840af-2c76-4643-a627-9351b72ba98c · outbound

This paper cites K., Buonanno, A., Gair, J., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 K., Buonanno, A., Gair, J., et al

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.171848Z

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Observation e4b4a06b-3723-49d9-bba3-8410cc2ab4ab · outbound

This paper cites C., & Hamilton, D.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 C., & Hamilton, D

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.250043Z

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Observation 91974925-8500-4c46-b332-d029554d1a4b · outbound

This paper cites R., de Koter, A., Vink, J.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 R., de Koter, A., Vink, J

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.344966Z

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Observation 1033c65a-3a57-4a37-83d1-5589c6971409 · outbound

This paper cites The Origin and Evolution of Multiple Star Systems.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 The Origin and Evolution of Multiple Star Systems

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.404043Z

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Observation e9f6ac37-1f58-4504-88aa-4bd3e623b571 · outbound

This paper cites 1976, in IAU Symposium, Vol.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 1976, in IAU Symposium, Vol

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.523478Z

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Observation defc4b45-87f9-4979-a987-be62c88deea1 · outbound

This paper cites 2011, ApJS, 192, 3, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/3.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2011, ApJS, 192, 3, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/3

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.631850Z

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Observation 5116a259-d9eb-42bf-a01a-0707bd933f6a · outbound

This paper cites 2013, ApJS, 208, 4, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/4 12.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2013, ApJS, 208, 4, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/4 12

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.689562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0968700a-e9e7-41b2-9a2b-aa759b5dd6dd · outbound

This paper cites 2015, ApJS, 220, 15, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/15.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2015, ApJS, 220, 15, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/15

Reference 53

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.799105Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8fd73757-f427-4815-825d-c6376c8645b4 · outbound

This paper cites B., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 B., et al

Reference 54

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.862079Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30f95fe0-e304-493d-8658-6d3e7b10d500 · outbound

This paper cites 2019, ApJS, 243, 10, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab2241.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2019, ApJS, 243, 10, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab2241

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:08.964743Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c6c1d1b7-d78c-429c-980b-3d996a07580c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 56

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.053516Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a4eb56a4-61d7-4580-a645-5370a0d80bd8 · outbound

This paper cites 1989, ApJ, 338, 424, doi: 10.1086/167210.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 1989, ApJ, 338, 424, doi: 10.1086/167210

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.151671Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c7a9a3b6-4e9a-4412-bf7c-39729fbe8d6d · outbound

This paper cites Y., & Chabrier, G.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Y., & Chabrier, G

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.236911Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 69df138c-7ff4-4282-b178-eda34cd976f5 · outbound

This paper cites S., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 S., et al

Reference 59

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:11.283703Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 83473ca3-0013-4776-a40a-f874ba3044d7 · outbound

This paper cites J., & Nayfonov, A.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 J., & Nayfonov, A

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.423302Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ece9bca2-8391-46df-982e-2f521d952685 · outbound

This paper cites E., de Koter, A., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 E., de Koter, A., et al

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.518529Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bfd1a477-df6c-41dc-a0d1-2b53d905857c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.599274Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8722d388-207b-421c-b721-df8d5d72f9f9 · outbound

This paper cites Investigating the Chemically Homogeneous Evolution Channel and its Role in the Formation of the Enigmatic Binary Black Hole Progenitor Candidate HD 5980.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Investigating the Chemically Homogeneous Evolution Channel and its Role in the Formation of the Enigmatic Binary Black Hole Progenitor Candidate HD 5980

Reference 63

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:12.108691Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation df12a192-2b8e-4f5e-a78e-be5d8a3d680c · outbound

This paper cites M., Agarwal, A., Barnes, J., et al.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 M., Agarwal, A., Barnes, J., et al

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.789685Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 10a93c7f-df21-4f81-a0c3-0df746467a0c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.871840Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b8747717-1de9-471d-9894-6ed2b5640e39 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 66

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.951107Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2fda9110-9c1f-4231-9a9e-e79020fd2e8a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:09.998015Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 92fc74ea-8939-435f-af10-d4c38a9a20c5 · outbound

This paper cites GW231123 Formation from Population III Stars: Isolated Binary Evolution.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 GW231123 Formation from Population III Stars: Isolated Binary Evolution

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.067316Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 25d6794e-2247-4485-987a-0480b6e05094 · outbound

This paper cites GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190-265 $M_{\odot}$.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190-265 $M_{\odot}$

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.134494Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 85f4fde2-7264-430d-9033-d3c9fc8cbecf · outbound

This paper cites X., Hoffman, R.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 X., Hoffman, R

Reference 70

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.196207Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b4741fe0-f571-4d0e-9263-b1e00db4c9f1 · outbound

This paper cites S., De Koter, A., & Lamers, H.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 S., De Koter, A., & Lamers, H

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.264167Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 003d34b3-2592-4a79-8e26-ed6693170b8f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.332176Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f609bf8c-8602-498e-8619-64cc20a41246 · outbound

This paper cites E., & Heger, A.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 E., & Heger, A

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.401874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ce2ee5c3-be57-4ca0-8ed7-677009be8e5b · outbound

This paper cites 2019, Physical Review Letters, 123, doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.181101.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2019, Physical Review Letters, 123, doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.181101

Reference 74

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.456094Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4969db42-5355-4361-9ddd-f70cc3c22a05 · outbound

This paper cites C., & Langer, N.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 C., & Langer, N

Reference 75

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.533146Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4dfb02de-7f91-4f9e-af55-827a1266ec17 · outbound

This paper cites 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 460, 199, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065912.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 460, 199, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065912

Reference 76

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.611107Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d4aba9b7-4be6-4648-a980-16d2b23c4bc9 · outbound

This paper cites 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2507.15701, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.15701.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2507.15701, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.15701

Reference 77

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.671950Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9dbd10fb-a3b4-4bbe-9879-4aafeb17e50f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 78

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:12.471180Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation cfdfb6d6-213d-486f-90a1-61922830a7ac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 79

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.828497Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 07be7c2a-94f2-4267-8f7b-cbba46eda7a7 · outbound

This paper cites S., & Mathis, S.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 S., & Mathis, S

Reference 80

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.878537Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4ea453a0-a2fc-4db8-809d-7d807e6c9d63 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123 Unresolved cited work

Reference 81

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:59:10.952116Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 27ec4fa0-007c-4e73-8f12-ccf703159975 · inbound

The Hierarchical Merger Scenario for GW231123 cites this paper.

The Hierarchical Merger Scenario for GW231123 Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:56:19.564026Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 11d124f1-a30e-4cc6-bfb5-39a3d98361cc · inbound

Searching for Electromagnetic Counterpart Candidates to GW231123 cites this paper.

Searching for Electromagnetic Counterpart Candidates to GW231123 Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:34:48.202052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 221a5cff-0a1e-4414-b080-5d82cb20b203 · inbound

GW231123: Overlapping Gravitational Wave Signals? cites this paper.

GW231123: Overlapping Gravitational Wave Signals? Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-22T12:56:33.592728Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 7fe75f6b-ce5a-4907-bba0-7d9f5d702bdd · inbound

Stable mass transfer in massive binaries leading to merging black holes cites this paper.

Stable mass transfer in massive binaries leading to merging black holes Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:34:25.145199Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6af17ca7-835c-4fed-9f6a-e8ca3c2b83cf · inbound

Measuring Eccentricity and Addressing Waveform Systematics in GW231123 cites this paper.

Measuring Eccentricity and Addressing Waveform Systematics in GW231123 Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-16T20:48:32.745556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 0b5dcced-c186-4a8a-8464-ab91481f27d8 · inbound

Signatures of a subpopulation of hierarchical mergers in the GWTC-4 gravitational-wave dataset cites this paper.

Signatures of a subpopulation of hierarchical mergers in the GWTC-4 gravitational-wave dataset Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 50

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-09T02:57:51.998226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 81f2ee32-28b1-4742-8ad7-441a79babac4 · inbound

Signatures of a subpopulation of hierarchical mergers in the GWTC-4 gravitational-wave dataset cites this paper.

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T11:02:35.266887Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 77a20d8a-fd96-4d24-8213-066a8236b94d · inbound

The impact of waveform systematics and Gaussian noise on the interpretation of GW231123 cites this paper.

The impact of waveform systematics and Gaussian noise on the interpretation of GW231123 Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-16T14:33:00.286882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 1362a5e9-cf1e-4787-9751-4541f0215424 · inbound

The Black Hole Mass Gap as a New Probe of Millicharged Particles cites this paper.

The Black Hole Mass Gap as a New Probe of Millicharged Particles Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 50

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:03:19.729558Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 32aa5a4d-d710-4fef-994b-b342114014f1 · inbound

GW190711_030756 and GW200114_020818: astrophysical interpretation of two asymmetric binary black hole mergers in the IAS catalog cites this paper.

GW190711_030756 and GW200114_020818: astrophysical interpretation of two asymmetric binary black hole mergers in the IAS catalog Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 108

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T00:35:51.203480Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 07229ade-d560-4b0d-b873-ef394d4cab2e · inbound

Highly eccentric non-spinning binary black hole mergers: quadrupolar post-merger waveforms cites this paper.

Highly eccentric non-spinning binary black hole mergers: quadrupolar post-merger waveforms Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 75

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T10:19:20.807912Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 32e3b5ef-4a21-4349-9d75-eceb2e2d3801 · inbound

How do the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Heavy Black Holes Form? No evidence for core-collapse Intermediate-mass black holes in GWTC-4 cites this paper.

How do the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Heavy Black Holes Form? No evidence for core-collapse Intermediate-mass black holes in GWTC-4 Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 32

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-08T23:14:24.843148Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 9753fbc9-b093-452d-a166-355d8b9973c2 · inbound

Evidence for additional structure in the effective spin distribution hints at multiple formation pathways in GWTC-5.0 cites this paper.

Evidence for additional structure in the effective spin distribution hints at multiple formation pathways in GWTC-5.0 Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 116

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-03T12:58:07.787509Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation b8bc1d4d-476c-449e-aa53-a3f5aa9a2eeb · inbound

Joint population and strong-lensing inference for resolved gravitational-wave events probes the black-hole merger rate beyond the peak of star formation cites this paper.

Joint population and strong-lensing inference for resolved gravitational-wave events probes the black-hole merger rate beyond the peak of star formation Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 138

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-30T14:34:46.004071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation eb94dcc3-b223-43b0-a583-a8f84a15268f · inbound

Uncovering Hierarchical Sub-Population of Binary Black Holes cites this paper.

Uncovering Hierarchical Sub-Population of Binary Black Holes Very Massive, Rapidly Spinning Binary Black Hole Progenitors through Chemically Homogeneous Evolution -- The Case of GW231123

Reference 56

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T23:27:58.891453Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.