LLM-based dense retrievers generalize better when instruction-tuned but pay a specialization tax when optimized for reasoning; they resist typos and corpus poisoning better than encoder-only baselines yet remain vulnerable to semantic perturbations, with larger models and certain embedding geometry,
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LLMs consistently overrate relevance of inadequate passages in IR evaluations due to biases toward length and lexical features rather than true content match.
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On the Robustness of LLM-Based Dense Retrievers: A Systematic Analysis of Generalizability and Stability
LLM-based dense retrievers generalize better when instruction-tuned but pay a specialization tax when optimized for reasoning; they resist typos and corpus poisoning better than encoder-only baselines yet remain vulnerable to semantic perturbations, with larger models and certain embedding geometry,
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When LLM Judges Inflate Scores: Exploring Overrating in Relevance Assessment
LLMs consistently overrate relevance of inadequate passages in IR evaluations due to biases toward length and lexical features rather than true content match.