Gauge-covariant momentum yields branch-dependent electromagnetic sources in the Raychaudhuri equation for Lorentz-violating congruences, producing focusing or defocusing that depends on the dispersion branch and field gradients.
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The authors calculate horizons, Hawking temperature, heat capacity, effective potentials, epicyclic frequencies, and shadows for a GR+NED+PFDM black hole, then constrain mass, magnetic charge, PFDM parameter, and orbital radius via MCMC on QPO observations from XTE J1550-564 and similar sources.
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Gauge-covariant Raychaudhuri dynamics for spin-nondegenerate Lorentz-violating congruences
Gauge-covariant momentum yields branch-dependent electromagnetic sources in the Raychaudhuri equation for Lorentz-violating congruences, producing focusing or defocusing that depends on the dispersion branch and field gradients.
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Black holes in general relativity coupled with NEDs surrounded by PFDM: thermodynamics, epicyclic oscillations, QPOs, and shadow
The authors calculate horizons, Hawking temperature, heat capacity, effective potentials, epicyclic frequencies, and shadows for a GR+NED+PFDM black hole, then constrain mass, magnetic charge, PFDM parameter, and orbital radius via MCMC on QPO observations from XTE J1550-564 and similar sources.