Heterotic string theory implies the QCD axion mass is bounded below by 0.5 neV and typically falls in [0.5, 0.8] neV across most compactifications.
Cosmological bounds on pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons
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Mixing electromagnetic radiation with dark radiation between BBN and recombination dilutes the baryon-to-entropy ratio, tightening the allowed total extra radiation to at most ~25% more than dark-radiation-only scenarios.
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Constraints on the Injection of Radiation in the Early Universe
Mixing electromagnetic radiation with dark radiation between BBN and recombination dilutes the baryon-to-entropy ratio, tightening the allowed total extra radiation to at most ~25% more than dark-radiation-only scenarios.