An external dynamical environment forms a resonant cavity with a black hole in dCS gravity that triggers Mathieu instability in the scalar sector, producing cascading amplification of gravitational waves via a delayed secondary burst.
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Extreme Gravity Tests with Gravitational Waves from Compact Binary Coalescences: (II) Ringdown
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abstract
The LIGO/Virgo detections of binary black hole mergers marked a watershed moment in astronomy, ushering in the era of precision tests of Kerr dynamics. We review theoretical and experimental challenges that must be overcome to carry out black hole spectroscopy with present and future gravitational wave detectors. Among other topics, we discuss quasinormal mode excitation in binary mergers, astrophysical event rates, tests of black hole dynamics in modified theories of gravity, parameterized "post-Kerr" ringdown tests, exotic compact objects, and proposed data analysis methods to improve spectroscopic tests of Kerr dynamics by stacking multiple events.
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Gravitational electric-magnetic duality at the light ring organizes and preserves quasinormal mode isospectrality in GR and selects duality-invariant higher-derivative corrections in effective field theories.
GreyRing model based on greybody factors reproduces numerical relativity ringdown signals with mismatches of order 10^{-6} and enables a new post-merger consistency test of general relativity applied to GW250114.
Leading-order deviations from general relativity in scalar quasinormal modes of rotating black holes are computed numerically up to dimensionless spins of 0.99 in quadratic-curvature scalar-tensor theories.
Nonlinear tails of massive scalar fields around black holes decay at the same rate as linear tails during intermediate times, independent of sources or initial conditions.
Higher-order WKB accurately computes quasinormal mode frequencies for rotating black holes beyond general relativity, with errors below current GW measurement precision for GW250114.
Excitation factors of long-lived quasinormal modes in horizonless compact objects scale with their small imaginary frequency, suppressing early contributions and producing a hierarchy where prompt ringdown uses ordinary modes and late echoes use cavity modes.
Analytical proof establishes universality of late-time ringdown tails for any effective potential decaying as 1/r², with different power-law behavior for 1/r^α (1<α<2), covering charged black holes, Kerr, exotic objects, modified gravity, and environmental matter distributions.
Leading-order cubic-curvature corrections to scalar quasinormal modes of black holes with spins up to 0.99M are computed numerically for modes up to l=5 with relative errors below 10^{-4}.
Quasinormal modes of a massless scalar field on a rotating loop quantum black hole background exhibit reduced real frequencies and damping rates with increasing quantum corrections, with rotation introducing crossovers, outbursts in overtones, and spectral inversions.
Free neutrons survive r-process freeze-out in fast ejecta of neutron star mergers and their beta-decay heating produces a visible early kilonova precursor for mass fractions above ~0.05.
High-frequency quasi-reflectionless scattering modes in the greybody factors of ultracompact horizonless objects are responsible for echoes in the time-domain response.
Admissible negative-w_r branches of trace-quadratic f(R,T) black holes support axial ringdown spectra governed by a single master equation equivalent to Einstein gravity plus frozen anisotropic fluid, differing from Schwarzschild by ~22% with no resolved α dependence.
Axial quasinormal modes of regular black holes in asymptotically safe gravity are weakly affected by the deviation parameter for the fundamental mode but show notable deviations for higher overtones, with strong agreement between grey-body factors and QNMs for large multipole numbers.
A review summarizing the state of the art in black hole quasinormal modes, ringdown waveform modeling, current LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observations, and prospects for LISA and next-generation detectors.
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Quasinormal modes of rotating black holes beyond general relativity in the WKB approximation
Higher-order WKB accurately computes quasinormal mode frequencies for rotating black holes beyond general relativity, with errors below current GW measurement precision for GW250114.