First on-chip quantum memory in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate stores telecom time-bin qubits for 400 ns with 1.95% efficiency and 96.8% fidelity, exceeding the classical limit.
Photonicquantuminformationwithtime-bins: Principlesandapplications
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abstract
Long-range quantum communication, distributed quantum computing, and sensing applications require robust and reliable ways to encode transmitted quantum information. In this context, time-bin encoding has emerged as a promising candidate due to its resilience to mechanical and thermal perturbations, depolarization from refractive index changes, and birefringence in fiber optic media. Time-bin quantum bits (qubits) can be produced in various ways, and each implementation calls for different considerations regarding design parameters, component compatibility (optical, electrical, electro-optical), and measurement procedures. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of experimental methods for preparing and characterizing time-bin qubits (TBQs) for quantum communication protocols, with an assessment of their advantages and limitations. We discuss challenges in transmitting TBQs over optical fibers and free-space channels, and methods to overcome them. We also analyze the selection of key time-bin parameters and component requirements across experiments. This leads us to explore the preparation and characterization of time-bin entanglement and examine requirements for interference of time-bins from separate sources. Further, we cover preparation and characterization techniques for high-dimensional time-bin states, namely qudits, and the generation of time-bin entangled qudit pairs. We review time-energy entanglement and key experimental realizations. Finally, we present notable applications of time-bin encoded quantum states, from quantum communication protocols to photonic quantum computation. This work serves as an accessible introduction and a comprehensive review of recent developments.
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quant-ph 5years
2026 5roles
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First experimental demonstration of memory-assisted on-demand multimode microwave-to-optical transduction with 0.3-0.4 noise photons at 460-620 microsecond storage in a 171Yb3+:Y2SiO5 crystal at 30 mK.
A symmetry-based linear-optical scheme certifies and lower-bounds the dimensionality of high-dimensional time-bin entanglement using two dichotomic measurements.
A TFLN photonic chip achieves gigahertz-rate active manipulation of time-bin quantum states, enabling loophole-free entanglement certification and continuous QKD operation at 25 kbit/s.
A 4H-SiC microring resonator with loaded Q of 1.9e5 produces time-bin entangled photon pairs at 1.35e7 s^-1 mW^-2, 95.55% visibility, and 94.37% fidelity.
citing papers explorer
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Storage of telecom-band time-bin qubits in thin-film lithium niobate
First on-chip quantum memory in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate stores telecom time-bin qubits for 400 ns with 1.95% efficiency and 96.8% fidelity, exceeding the classical limit.
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Memory-assisted multimode microwave-to-optical transduction
First experimental demonstration of memory-assisted on-demand multimode microwave-to-optical transduction with 0.3-0.4 noise photons at 460-620 microsecond storage in a 171Yb3+:Y2SiO5 crystal at 30 mK.
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Revealing high-dimensional entanglement through symmetry
A symmetry-based linear-optical scheme certifies and lower-bounds the dimensionality of high-dimensional time-bin entanglement using two dichotomic measurements.
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Gigahertz-rate thin-film lithium niobate receiver for time-bin quantum communication
A TFLN photonic chip achieves gigahertz-rate active manipulation of time-bin quantum states, enabling loophole-free entanglement certification and continuous QKD operation at 25 kbit/s.
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Integrated time-bin entangled quantum light source on a 4H-SiC microring chip
A 4H-SiC microring resonator with loaded Q of 1.9e5 produces time-bin entangled photon pairs at 1.35e7 s^-1 mW^-2, 95.55% visibility, and 94.37% fidelity.