arxiv: 2604.16695 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-17 · 🪐 quant-ph · physics.optics

Recognition: unknown

Gigahertz-rate thin-film lithium niobate receiver for time-bin quantum communication

Andrea Bernardi , Marco Clementi , Marcello Bacchi , Mat\'ias Rub\'en Bola\~nos , Sara Congia , Francesco Garrisi , Andrea Martellosio , Marco Passoni

show 7 more authors

Alexander Wrobel Costantino Agnesi Giuseppe Vallone Paolo Villoresi Federico Andrea Sabattoli Matteo Galli Daniele Bajoni

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 08:00 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph physics.optics

keywords thin-film lithium niobatetime-bin encodingquantum key distributionelectro-optic modulationentanglement certificationintegrated photonicsquantum communication

0 comments

The pith

A thin-film lithium niobate receiver actively switches time-bin quantum states at over 30 GHz bandwidth, enabling secure key distribution without post-selection.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops a fully integrated quantum receiver on the thin-film lithium niobate platform for manipulating time-bin encoded quantum states at high speeds. The device performs active switching with an electro-optic bandwidth exceeding 30 GHz and supports real-time arbitrary projective measurements above 1 GHz bandwidth. This setup certifies entanglement through a Bell inequality violation of 38 standard deviations with over 95 percent visibility. It then demonstrates an entanglement-based QKD protocol that achieves stable finite-size secure key rates above 25 kbit/s over 12 hours of continuous operation. By using high-speed active switching, the receiver removes the temporal post-selection loophole that affects security in time-bin entanglement QKD and relaxes demands on single-photon detector timing resolution.

Core claim

The novel TFLN architecture enables active switching of time-bin quantum states with electro-optic bandwidth exceeding 30 GHz while supporting real-time arbitrary projective measurements with bandwidth over 1 GHz, which eliminates the temporal post-selection loophole without introducing new undetected errors and delivers stable finite-size secure key rates exceeding 25 kbit/s over 12 hours in a fiber-based entanglement QKD scenario.

What carries the argument

The fully integrated thin-film lithium niobate receiver with high-speed electro-optic modulators that perform active switching and projective measurements on time-bin states.

If this is right

Entanglement is certified with a 38-standard-deviation Bell inequality violation and greater than 95 percent visibility.
Entanglement-based QKD achieves stable finite-size secure key rates above 25 kbit/s over 12 hours of continuous operation.
The temporal post-selection loophole is eliminated, closing a security vulnerability in time-bin entanglement protocols.
Single-photon detector temporal resolution requirements are relaxed.
Active selection of the projection basis becomes possible, increasing flexibility for communicating parties.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same platform could integrate multiple receivers to support larger-scale quantum networks without external post-processing.
Higher key rates in longer-distance links may become feasible by reducing losses from post-selection.
Full chip-scale quantum communication systems could combine this receiver with on-chip sources and modulators.
The bandwidth headroom might support multiplexed or multi-user time-bin protocols in the same device.

Load-bearing premise

The high-speed active switching introduces no new undetected errors in quantum measurements while preserving the stability needed for continuous secure operation.

What would settle it

An experiment showing that the Bell violation or secure key rate falls below the post-selection case when active switching is used, or direct detection of additional errors introduced at the gigahertz switching rates.

read the original abstract

Time-bin encoded quantum states of light are crucial for quantum technology applications. The integration of manipulation functionalities into chip-scale devices is essential for deploying scalable, high-performance, and cost-effective quantum networks. Here we develop a fully integrated, high-throughput quantum receiver based on the thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) platform, capable of high-speed electro-optic manipulation of time-bin encoded quantum states. The device's novel architecture enables active switching of time-bin quantum states with an electro-optic bandwidth exceeding 30 Ghz, while supporting real-time arbitrary projective measurements with a bandwidth of over 1 GHz. We showcase its versatility and performance through several applications, including the certification of entanglement with Bell's inequality violation by 38 standard deviations and with >95% visibility. We then apply it to a fiber-based quantum communication scenario, where we experimentally demonstrate an entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, achieving stable finite-size secure key rates exceeding 25 kbit/s over 12 hours of continuous operation. By leveraging a high-speed active switching scheme, the system overcomes the need for temporal post-selection, eliminating a fundamental loophole that compromises the security of time-bin entanglement-based QKD protocols and relaxes the temporal resolution requirements of single-photon detectors. Moreover, it enables active selection of the projection basis, increasing the flexibility for communication parties. This approach establishes a versatile and scalable architecture for time-bin encoded quantum communication, enabling practical protocols on industry-grade photonic technology.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The TFLN receiver gives a practical high-speed active switch for time-bin states and a solid loophole-free QKD demo, but the security analysis needs tighter bounds on switching-induced mismatches.

read the letter

The main takeaway is that this group built a thin-film lithium niobate receiver that performs active electro-optic switching of time-bin qubits above 30 GHz and used it to run an entanglement-based QKD experiment that avoids temporal post-selection while delivering 25 kbit/s finite-size keys over 12 hours of stable operation. They also report a 38-sigma Bell violation with over 95 percent visibility. That combination of speed, integration, and direct use in a protocol is the concrete advance here. The architecture lets them choose the projection basis in real time on chip, which relaxes detector timing requirements and removes the post-selection loophole that has limited earlier time-bin setups. The experimental numbers are straightforward and the long-term stability stands out as useful for any claim about practical deployment. What the work does well is show that TFLN can handle the bandwidth needed for gigahertz-rate manipulation without obvious degradation in the reported visibilities. The device specs and the QKD run are grounded in direct measurements rather than fitted models. The soft spot is the assumption that the active switching maintains uniform efficiency and timing across bases and bins. Any residual crosstalk, polarization dependence, or transient effects from the drive could bias the key-rate calculation without appearing in the overall Bell test. The abstract gives no quantitative bound on those mismatches or a full error model that folds in the modulator performance, so the security section would need more detail to close that loop. This paper is aimed at groups working on integrated photonic hardware for quantum communication. Readers who care about concrete device performance, TFLN fabrication, or closing loopholes in time-bin protocols will get value from the specs and the demo. It deserves a serious referee because the results are measurable and the platform is relevant to scaling efforts, even if the error analysis around the active components will likely draw questions.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the development and characterization of a fully integrated thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) quantum receiver for time-bin encoded photonic states. The device integrates high-speed electro-optic switching (>30 GHz bandwidth) with real-time arbitrary projective measurements (>1 GHz bandwidth), enabling active basis selection. Key experimental results include a 38-standard-deviation violation of Bell's inequality with >95% visibility and a fiber-based entanglement QKD demonstration achieving stable finite-size secure key rates exceeding 25 kbit/s over 12 hours of continuous operation, without temporal post-selection.

Significance. If the reported performance metrics and security assumptions hold under detailed scrutiny, this represents a meaningful advance in chip-scale quantum receivers by combining gigahertz-rate active manipulation with industry-compatible TFLN technology. The approach directly addresses a known loophole in time-bin QKD while delivering practical key rates, which could support scalable quantum networks; the long-term stability data is particularly valuable for assessing real-world deployability.

major comments (2)

[QKD results and security analysis] The central claim that active EO switching eliminates the temporal post-selection loophole without introducing new undetected errors (Abstract and QKD implementation section) rests on the unquantified assumption of uniform detection efficiency and timing across bases and time bins. No bounds are provided on potential basis-dependent mismatches arising from drive crosstalk, polarization dependence, or switching transients; such effects would be invisible in the reported Bell violation yet could bias the finite-size key-rate analysis over the 12-hour run.
[Experimental results] The abstract and results sections report concrete outcomes (38-sigma Bell violation, >95% visibility, 25 kbit/s key rate) but provide neither error bars on the visibilities or rates, raw coincidence histograms, nor detailed calibration procedures for the EO modulators and detectors. This omission prevents full assessment of systematic uncertainties and reproducibility of the claimed performance.

minor comments (2)

[Bell test subsection] Clarify the exact form of the Bell inequality used and the statistical model underlying the 38-sigma figure, including how finite-size effects and detector dark counts are incorporated.
[Device architecture] The manuscript would benefit from a schematic or timing diagram explicitly showing how the >30 GHz switching and >1 GHz projective measurements are synchronized with the incoming time-bin states.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their detailed and constructive comments on our manuscript. We have carefully considered the points raised regarding the QKD security analysis and the presentation of experimental results. Below, we provide point-by-point responses and indicate the revisions we will make to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [QKD results and security analysis] The central claim that active EO switching eliminates the temporal post-selection loophole without introducing new undetected errors (Abstract and QKD implementation section) rests on the unquantified assumption of uniform detection efficiency and timing across bases and time bins. No bounds are provided on potential basis-dependent mismatches arising from drive crosstalk, polarization dependence, or switching transients; such effects would be invisible in the reported Bell violation yet could bias the finite-size key-rate analysis over the 12-hour run.

Authors: We agree that providing quantitative bounds on potential mismatches is essential for a complete security analysis. Although the 38-standard-deviation Bell violation strongly constrains the magnitude of any undetected basis-dependent errors (as significant mismatches would degrade the observed visibility below the reported >95%), we will revise the manuscript to include a dedicated analysis. Specifically, we will report experimental measurements of drive crosstalk, polarization dependence, and switching transients, along with derived upper bounds on efficiency variations (typically < 2%) and timing jitter. These bounds will be incorporated into the finite-size security analysis to confirm that the reported key rate remains secure. We believe this addition will address the concern without altering the central claims. revision: yes
Referee: [Experimental results] The abstract and results sections report concrete outcomes (38-sigma Bell violation, >95% visibility, 25 kbit/s key rate) but provide neither error bars on the visibilities or rates, raw coincidence histograms, nor detailed calibration procedures for the EO modulators and detectors. This omission prevents full assessment of systematic uncertainties and reproducibility of the claimed performance.

Authors: We acknowledge that the current presentation lacks sufficient detail on uncertainties and calibration. In the revised manuscript, we will add statistical error bars to the visibility, Bell violation, and key rate values, derived from Poissonian statistics of the coincidence counts. Raw coincidence histograms for both the Bell test and the QKD experiment will be included in the supplementary materials. Furthermore, we will expand the experimental methods section to provide detailed calibration procedures for the electro-optic modulators (including S21 measurements and voltage calibration) and the detection system (timing alignment and efficiency calibration). These changes will allow readers to better evaluate the systematic uncertainties and reproducibility. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental device demonstration with direct measurements

full rationale

The paper is an experimental report on fabricating and testing a TFLN-based quantum receiver. It demonstrates entanglement certification via measured Bell violation (38 sigma) and reports observed QKD key rates over 12 hours of continuous operation. No derivation chain, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation load-bearing steps are present. All performance figures (bandwidths, visibilities, key rates) are stated as direct experimental outcomes rather than outputs of any equation that reduces to the inputs by construction. The architecture description and security claims rest on measured device behavior, not on any self-referential mathematical reduction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work rests on standard quantum optics and electro-optics; no free parameters, new axioms, or invented entities are introduced beyond the established TFLN platform.

axioms (2)

standard math Standard quantum mechanics for projective measurements and Bell inequalities
Invoked for entanglement certification and security analysis of the QKD protocol.
domain assumption Linear electro-optic effect in lithium niobate
Underlies the claimed 30 GHz bandwidth switching.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5624 in / 1349 out tokens · 28223 ms · 2026-05-10T08:00:43.959460+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

70 extracted references · 40 canonical work pages

[1]

title Probability relations between separated systems

author Schr\" o dinger, E. title Probability relations between separated systems . 10.1017/s0305004100019137 , journal Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society volume 32 , pages 446–452 ( year 1936 )

work page doi:10.1017/s0305004100019137 1936
[2]

author Nielsen, M. A. & author Chuang, I. L. title Quantum Computation and Quantum Information ( publisher Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , year 2010 )

2010
[3]

author Pittaluga, M. et al. title Long-distance coherent quantum communications in deployed telecom networks . 10.1038/s41586-025-08801-w , journal Nature volume 640 , pages 911–917 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08801-w 2025
[4]

author Ekert, A. K. et al. title Practical quantum cryptography based on two-photon interferometry . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.1293 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 69 , pages 1293--1295 ( year 1992 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.69.1293 1992
[5]

author Bennett, C. H. , author Brassard, G. & author Mermin, N. D. title Quantum cryptography without bell's theorem . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.557 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 68 , pages 557--559 ( year 1992 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.68.557 1992
[6]

author Bennett, C. H. & author Brassard, G. title Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025 , journal Theoretical Computer Science volume 560 , pages 7--11 ( year 2014 )

work page doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025 2014
[7]

author Lo, H. K. , author Curty, M. & author Tamaki, K. title Secure quantum key distribution . 10.1038/nphoton.2014.149 , journal Nature Photonics volume 8 , pages 595--604 ( year 2014 )

work page doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.149 2014
[8]

author Ma, X. F. , author Fung, C. H. F. & author Lo, H. K. title Quantum key distribution with entangled photon sources . 10.1103/physreva.76.012307 , journal Physical Review A volume 76 , pages 012307 ( year 2007 )

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.76.012307 2007
[9]

author Franson, J. D. title Bell inequality for position and time . 10.1103/physrevlett.62.2205 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 62 , pages 2205–2208 ( year 1989 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.62.2205 1989
[10]

author Tittel, W. et al. title Violation of bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3563 , journal Physical review letters volume 81 , pages 3563--3566 ( year 1998 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.3563 1998
[11]

author Brendel, J. et al. title Pulsed energy-time entangled twin-photon source for quantum communication . 10.1103/physrevlett.82.2594 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 82 , pages 2594–2597 ( year 1999 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.2594 1999
[12]

author Marcikic, I. et al. title Time-bin entangled qubits for quantum communication created by femtosecond pulses . 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.062308 , journal Physical Review A volume 66 , pages 062308 ( year 2002 )

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.66.062308 2002
[13]

author Montaut, N. et al. title Progress in integrated and fiber optics for time-bin based quantum information processing . 10.3389/aot.2025.1560084 , journal Advanced Optical Technologies volume 14 , pages 1560084 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.3389/aot.2025.1560084 2025
[14]

author Singh, A. et al. title Photonic quantum information with time-bins: principles and applications . , journal Print at https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08102 ( year 2025 )

work page arXiv 2025
[15]

author Yu, H. et al. title Quantum key distribution implemented with d-level time-bin entangled photons . 10.1038/s41467-024-55345-0 , journal Nature Communications volume 16 , pages 171 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55345-0 2025
[16]

author Chapman, J. C. , author Lim, C. C. W. & author Kwiat, P. G. title Hyperentangled time-bin and polarization quantum key distribution . , journal Physical Review Applied volume 18 , pages 044027 ( year 2022 )

2022
[17]

author Congia, S. et al. title Generation of hyperentangled photon pairs in the time and frequency domain on a silicon photonic chip . 10.1364/ol.562079 , journal Optics Letters volume 50 , pages 5117 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.1364/ol.562079 2025
[18]

author Patel, K. A. et al. title Coexistence of high-bit-rate quantum key distribution and data on optical fiber . 10.1103/PhysRevX.2.041010 , journal Physical Review X volume 2 , pages 041010 ( year 2012 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevx.2.041010 2012
[19]

author Zhang, Q. et al. title Generation of 10-ghz clock sequential time-bin entanglement . 10.1364/OE.16.003293 , journal Optics express volume 16 , pages 3293--3298 ( year 2008 )

work page doi:10.1364/oe.16.003293 2008
[20]

author Mueller, A. et al. title High-rate multiplexed entanglement source based on time-bin qubits for advanced quantum networks . 10.1364/OPTICAQ.509335 , journal Optica Quantum volume 2 , pages 64--71 ( year 2024 )

work page doi:10.1364/opticaq.509335 2024
[21]

author Fitzke, E. et al. title Scalable network for simultaneous pairwise quantum key distribution via entanglement-based time-bin coding . 10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020341 , journal PRX Quantum volume 3 , pages 020341 ( year 2022 )

work page doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.020341 2022
[22]

author Kim, J. H. et al. title Quantum communication with time-bin entanglement over a wavelength-multiplexed fiber network . 10.1063/5.0073040 , journal APL Photonics volume 7 , pages 016106 ( year 2022 )

work page doi:10.1063/5.0073040 2022
[23]

author Huang, Y. W. et al. title A sixteen-user time-bin entangled quantum communication network with fully connected topology . 10.1002/lpor.202301026 , journal Laser & Photonics Reviews volume 19 , pages 2301026 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.1002/lpor.202301026 2025
[24]

author Finco, G. et al. title Time-bin entangled bell state generation and tomography on thin-film lithium niobate . 10.1038/s41534-024-00925-7 , journal npj Quantum Information volume 10 , pages 135 ( year 2024 )

work page doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00925-7 2024
[25]

author Maeder, A. et al. title Programmable bell state generation in an integrated thin film lithium niobate circuit . , journal Light: Science & Applications volume 15 , pages 43 ( year 2026 )

2026
[26]

author Aerts, S. et al. title Two-photon franson-type experiments and local realism . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.2872 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 83 , pages 2872--2875 ( year 1999 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.83.2872 1999
[27]

author Jogenfors, J. et al. title Hacking the bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement--based quantum key distribution . 10.1126/sciadv.1500793 , journal Science Advances volume 1 , pages e1500793 ( year 2015 )

work page doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500793 2015
[28]

author Xavier, G. B. et al. title Energy-time and time-bin entanglement: past, present and future . , journal npj Quantum Information volume 11 , pages 129 ( year 2025 )

2025
[29]

author Vedovato, F. et al. title Postselection-loophole-free bell violation with genuine time-bin entanglement . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.190401 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 121 , pages 190401 ( year 2018 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.190401 2018
[30]

& author Wolf, M

author Verstraete, F. & author Wolf, M. M. title Entanglement versus bell violations and their behavior under local filtering operations . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.170401 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 89 , pages 170401 ( year 2002 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.89.170401 2002
[31]

author Clauser, J. F. et al. title Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories . , journal Physical review letters volume 23 , pages 880--884 ( year 1969 )

1969
[32]

author Takesue, H. et al. title Entanglement generation using silicon wire waveguide . 10.1063/1.2814040 , journal Applied Physics Letters volume 91 , pages 201108 ( year 2007 )

work page doi:10.1063/1.2814040 2007
[33]

author Altepeter, J. B. , author Jeffrey, E. R. & author Kwiat, P. G. title Photonic state tomography . 10.1016/S1049-250X(05)52003-2 , journal Advances in atomic, molecular, and optical physics volume 52 , pages 105--159 ( year 2005 )

work page doi:10.1016/s1049-250x(05)52003-2 2005
[34]

author Kuzucu, O. et al. title Joint temporal density measurements for two-photon state characterization . 10.1103/physrevlett.101.153602 , journal Physical Review Letters volume 101 , pages 153602 ( year 2008 )

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.153602 2008
[35]

& author Sipe, J

author Drago, C. & author Sipe, J. E. title Deconstructing squeezed light: Schmidt decomposition versus the whittaker-shannon interpolation . 10.1103/PhysRevA.110.023710 , journal Physical Review A volume 110 , pages 023710 ( year 2024 )

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.110.023710 2024
[36]

author Borghi, M. et al. title Uncorrelated photon pair generation from an integrated silicon nitride resonator measured by time-resolved coincidence detection . 10.1364/ol.527965 , journal Optics Letters volume 49 , pages 3966 ( year 2024 )

work page doi:10.1364/ol.527965 2024
[37]

author Wootters, W. K. title Entanglement of formation of an arbitrary state of two qubits . , journal Physical Review Letters volume 80 , pages 2245--2248 ( year 1998 )

1998
[38]

author Gisin, N. et al. title Quantum cryptography . 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.145 , journal Reviews of Modern Physics volume 74 , pages 145--195 ( year 2002 )

work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.145 2002
[39]

, author Chau, H

author Lo, H.-K. , author Chau, H. F. & author Ardehali, M. title Efficient quantum key distribution scheme and a proof of its unconditional security . 10.1007/s00145-004-0142-y , journal Journal of Cryptology volume 18 , pages 133--165 ( year 2005 )

work page doi:10.1007/s00145-004-0142-y 2005
[40]

author Tomamichel, M. et al. title Tight finite-key analysis for quantum cryptography . 10.1038/ncomms1631 , journal Nature communications volume 3 , pages 634 ( year 2012 )

work page doi:10.1038/ncomms1631 2012
[41]

, author Zapatero, V

author Mannalath, V. , author Zapatero, V. & author Curty, M. title Sharp finite statistics for quantum key distribution . 10.1103/l735-x48g , journal Physical Review Letters volume 135 , pages 020803 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.1103/l735-x48g 2025
[42]

author Pelet, Y. et al. title Entanglement-based clock syntonization for quantum key distribution networks: Demonstration over a 50 km-long link . , journal Applied Physics Letters volume 126 , pages 174003 ( year 2025 )

2025
[43]

author Williams, J. et al. title Implementation of quantum key distribution and quantum clock synchronization via time bin encoding . , journal Proceedings of SPIE 11699, Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation note SPIE, 2021, 16--25

2021
[44]

author Calderaro, L. et al. title Fast and simple qubit-based synchronization for quantum key distribution . , journal Physical Review Applied volume 13 , pages 054041 ( year 2020 )

2020
[45]

author Ac \' n, A. et al. title Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks . , journal Physical Review Letters volume 98 , pages 230501 ( year 2007 )

2007
[46]

author Peri, A. et al. title High-performance heterodyne receiver for quantum information processing in a laser-written integrated photonic platform . , journal Advanced Photonics volume 8 , pages 016009--016009 ( year 2026 )

2026
[47]

author Bertapelle, T. et al. title High-speed source-device-independent quantum random number generator on a chip . , journal Optica Quantum volume 3 , pages 111--118 ( year 2025 )

2025
[48]

author Santagiustina, F. B. L. et al. title Experimental post-selection loophole-free time-bin and energy-time nonlocality with integrated photonics . 10.1364/OPTICA.499247 , journal Optica volume 11 , pages 498--511 ( year 2024 )

work page doi:10.1364/optica.499247 2024
[49]

author Marcikic, I. et al. title Distribution of time-bin entangled qubits over 50 km of optical fiber . , journal Physical review letters volume 93 , pages 180502 ( year 2004 )

2004
[50]

author Honjo, T. et al. title Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution over optical fiber . 10.1364/OE.16.019118 , journal Optics Express volume 16 , pages 19118--19126 ( year 2008 )

work page doi:10.1364/oe.16.019118 2008
[51]

author Pelet, Y. et al. title Operational entanglement-based quantum key distribution over 50 km of field-deployed optical fibers . , journal Physical Review Applied volume 20 , pages 044006 ( year 2023 )

2023
[52]

author de Riedmatten, H. et al. title Long-distance entanglement swapping with photons from separated sources . , journal Physical Review A volume 71 , pages 050302 ( year 2005 )

2005
[53]

author Tagliavacche, N. et al. title Frequency-bin entanglement-based quantum key distribution . , journal npj Quantum Information volume 11 , pages 60 ( year 2025 )

2025
[54]

author Zhang, J. et al. title Compact polarization splitter-rotator based on lithium niobate-on-insulator platform . , journal Journal of Applied Physics volume 136 , pages 164503 ( year 2024 )

2024
[55]

, author Zhou, L

author Sheng, Y.-B. , author Zhou, L. & author Long, G.-L. title One-step quantum secure direct communication . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.11.002 , journal Science Bulletin volume 67 , pages 367--374 ( year 2022 )

work page doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.11.002 2021
[56]

author Yang, Y. L. et al. title A 300-km fully-connected quantum secure direct communication network . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2025.02.038 , journal Science Bulletin volume 70 , pages 1445--1451 ( year 2025 )

work page doi:10.1016/j.scib.2025.02.038 2025
[57]

& author Deng, F.-G

author Sheng, Y.-B. & author Deng, F.-G. title Deterministic entanglement purification and complete nonlocal bell-state analysis with hyperentanglement . , journal Physical Review A volume 81 , pages 032307 ( year 2010 )

2010
[58]

author Korzh, B. et al. title Demonstration of sub-3 ps temporal resolution with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector . 10.1038/s41566-020-0589-x , journal Nature Photonics volume 14 , pages 250–255 ( year 2020 )

work page doi:10.1038/s41566-020-0589-x 2020
[59]

author Jiang, X. H. , author Wu, H. & author Dai, D. X. title Low-loss and low-crosstalk multimode waveguide bend on silicon . , journal Optics express volume 26 , pages 17680--17689 ( year 2018 )

2018
[60]

author Wang, C. L. et al. title Lithium tantalate photonic integrated circuits for volume manufacturing . , journal Nature volume 629 , pages 784--790 ( year 2024 )

2024
[61]

author Ekert, A. K. title Quantum cryptography based on bell’s theorem . , journal Physical review letters volume 67 , pages 661--663 ( year 1991 )

1991
[62]

author Zhuang, S.-C. et al. title Ultrabright entanglement based quantum key distribution over a 404 km optical fiber . , journal Physical Review Letters volume 134 , pages 230801 ( year 2025 )

2025
[63]

author Lim, C. C. W. et al. title Security analysis of quantum key distribution with small block length and its application to quantum space communications . , journal Physical Review Letters volume 126 , pages 100501 ( year 2021 )

2021
[64]

author Zhong, Z.-Q. et al. title Hyperentanglement quantum communication over a 50 km noisy fiber channel . , journal Optica volume 11 , pages 1056--1061 ( year 2024 )

2024
[65]

author Doda, M. et al. title Quantum key distribution overcoming extreme noise: Simultaneous subspace coding using high-dimensional entanglement . , journal Physical Review Applied volume 15 , pages 034003 ( year 2021 )

2021
[66]

author Neumann, S. P. et al. title Continuous entanglement distribution over a transnational 248 km fiber link . , journal Nature Communications volume 13 , pages 6134 ( year 2022 )

2022
[67]

, " * write output.state after.block = add.period write newline

ENTRY address archive author booktitle chapter edition editor eprint howpublished institution journal key month note number organization pages publisher school series title type url volume year label INTEGERS output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block FUNCTION init.state.consts #0 'before.all := #1 'mid.sentence := #2 'after.sentence ...
[68]

write newline

" write newline "" before.all 'output.state := FUNCTION n.dashify 't := "" t empty not t #1 #1 substring "-" = t #1 #2 substring "--" = not "--" * t #2 global.max substring 't := t #1 #1 substring "-" = "-" * t #2 global.max substring 't := while if t #1 #1 substring * t #2 global.max substring 't := if while FUNCTION word.in bbl.in capitalize " " * FUNCT...
[69]

, " * write output.state after.block = add.period write newline

ENTRY address archive author booktitle chapter edition editor eprint howpublished institution journal key month note number organization pages publisher school series title type doi url volume year label INTEGERS output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block FUNCTION init.state.consts #0 'before.all := #1 'mid.sentence := #2 'after.sente...
[70]

write newline

" write newline "" before.all 'output.state := FUNCTION n.dashify 't := "" t empty not t #1 #1 substring "-" = t #1 #2 substring "--" = not "--" * t #2 global.max substring 't := t #1 #1 substring "-" = "-" * t #2 global.max substring 't := while if t #1 #1 substring * t #2 global.max substring 't := if while FUNCTION word.in bbl.in capitalize " " * FUNCT...