Microlensing-inferred free-floating planets plus bound planets require more mass than protoplanetary disks supply, even at 100% conversion efficiency, potentially creating a crisis if the mass function is bottom-heavy.
445, Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems, ed
3 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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An optimal Stokes number window of 0.01-0.03 allows streaming instability to form planetesimals and pebble accretion to build all three main planet classes, with cold gas giants needing the lowest turbulence and largest discs.
Observational analysis of 43 systems finds no significant overall correlation between gas giant occurrence and inner small planet properties but reports hints of a trend in metal-rich systems favoring lower-density planets with similar core masses.
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Exploring the conditions for forming planetesimals by the streaming instability and planetary systems by pebble accretion
An optimal Stokes number window of 0.01-0.03 allows streaming instability to form planetesimals and pebble accretion to build all three main planet classes, with cold gas giants needing the lowest turbulence and largest discs.