Online Agent-as-a-Judge deploys an in-world evaluator agent to generate relevant situations via native interactions, improving criteria coverage and human label agreement over passive trajectory scoring in a life-simulation with 32 social criteria.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.21140 , url=
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abstract
Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as scalable evaluators of model responses in lieu of human annotators. However, imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the LLM judges induce bias in naive evaluation scores. We propose a simple plug-in framework that corrects this bias and enables statistically principled uncertainty quantification. Our framework constructs confidence intervals that account for uncertainty from both the test dataset and a human-labeled calibration dataset. Additionally, it uses an adaptive strategy to allocate calibration samples for tighter intervals. Importantly, we characterize parameter regimes defined by the true evaluation score and the LLM judge's sensitivity and specificity in which our LLM-based evaluation yields more reliable estimates than human-only evaluation. Moreover, we show that our framework remains unbiased under distribution shift between the test and calibration datasets, in contrast to existing approaches.
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Introduces budgeted heteroskedastic multi-judge estimation and proves instance-optimality of an adaptive inverse-variance weighted estimator via matching upper and lower bounds.
This paper introduces a systems-level conceptual framing and a three-level taxonomy (intra-model, system-level, socio-technical) for uncertainty propagation in compound LLM applications, along with engineering insights and open challenges.
For binary LLM judge validation, Pearson's r, Spearman's ρ, Kendall's τ_b, phi, and Matthews correlation all equal a single number on non-degenerate data, Cohen's κ supplies the extra signal on label-rate drift, and a reporting checklist is provided.
Generate-Select-Refine is an open-ended Bayesian optimization method that generates tasks and concentrates evaluations on the best one with only logarithmic regret overhead relative to standard single-task optimization.
Bias-corrected LLM-as-a-Judge estimators can reverse true model orderings under shared calibration, and the paper supplies judge quality J and cross-model instability ΔJ as practical diagnostics for when such estimates are unreliable.
AutoPyVerifier learns compact sets of executable Python verifiers from labeled LLM outputs via LLM synthesis and DAG search, improving objective prediction by up to 55 F1 points and downstream LLM accuracy by up to 17 points.
MaxShapley computes fair document attributions in generative QA by reducing Shapley value calculation to polynomial time via a max-sum utility, matching exact Shapley quality on HotPotQA, MuSiQUE, and MS MARCO while using up to 9x fewer resources.
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Uncertainty Propagation in LLM-Based Systems
This paper introduces a systems-level conceptual framing and a three-level taxonomy (intra-model, system-level, socio-technical) for uncertainty propagation in compound LLM applications, along with engineering insights and open challenges.