An exceptional-point framework for black-hole ringdown characterizes resonances near avoided crossings, demonstrates enhanced mode contributions in the time domain, and identifies the EP frequency as the physically relevant observable.
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Resonant Excitation of Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes
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Kerr QNM anomalies near algebraically special frequencies arise from avoided crossings with resonant excitation and pole skipping due to quasinormal-Matsubara pole-zero cancellations.
Bayesian analysis finds individual QNM frequencies near avoided crossings hard to resolve even under optimistic conditions, though collective AC waveform signatures may remain detectable if those modes dominate and slower-mode contamination is minimal.
Homogeneous solutions and connection coefficients in the radial Teukolsky equation for Kerr black holes exhibit simple poles at Matsubara frequencies that cancel in the Green's function, along with canceling zero-frequency singularities scaling as ω^{-2l-1}.
Higher-curvature terms deform the near-horizon potential of spherically symmetric black holes, producing progressively larger shifts in overtone quasinormal frequencies that remain detectable in ringdown waveforms when the fundamental mode stays close to its GR value.
Orthonormal QNM analysis of GW250114 raises the significance of the first overtone of the ℓ=m=2 mode from 82.5% to 99.9% and detects no significant deviation from Kerr predictions.
Complex scaling unifies quasinormal modes and continuum response for black-hole perturbations in four-dimensional Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetimes.
Complex scaling converts outgoing boundary conditions into eigenvalue problems to compute quasinormal frequencies for Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström black holes, including the extremal limit.
Autoencoder uses latent space to estimate parameters of multi-component damped sinusoids in noise with high accuracy even for weak or opposing-phase components.
A review summarizing the state of the art in black hole quasinormal modes, ringdown waveform modeling, current LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observations, and prospects for LISA and next-generation detectors.