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arxiv: 2501.05518 · v1 · pith:GII5OEPAnew · submitted 2025-01-09 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE · astro-ph.GA· astro-ph.IM

A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope

Jan R\"oder , Maciek Wielgus , Andrei P. Lobanov , Thomas P. Krichbaum , Dhanya G. Nair , Sang-Sung Lee , Eduardo Ros , Vincent L. Fish
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Lindy Blackburn Chi-kwan Chan Sara Issaoun Michael Janssen Michael D. Johnson Sheperd S. Doeleman Geoffrey C. Bower Geoffrey B. Crew Remo P. J. Tilanus Tuomas Savolainen C. M. Violette Impellizzeri Antxon Alberdi Anne-Kathrin Baczko Jos\'e L. G\'omez Ru-Sen Lu Georgios F. Paraschos Efthalia Traianou Ciriaco Goddi Daewon Kim Mikhail Lisakov Yuri Y. Kovalev Petr A. Voitsik Kirill V. Sokolovsky Kazunori Akiyama Ezequiel Albentosa-Ru\'iz Walter Alef Juan Carlos Algaba Richard Anantua Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Uwe Bach David Ball Mislav Balokovi\'c Bidisha Bandyopadhyay John Barrett Michi Baub\"ock Bradford A. Benson Dan Bintley Raymond Blundell Katherine L. Bouman Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Sandra Bustamante Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Chiara Ceccobello Andrew Chael Dominic O. Chang Koushik Chatterjee Shami Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Xiaopeng Cheng Ilje Cho Pierre Christian Nicholas S. Conroy John E. Conway James M. Cordes Thomas M. Crawford Alejandro Cruz-Osorio Yuzhu Cui Brandon Curd Rohan Dahale Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Vedant Dhruv Indu K. Dihingia Sean Taylor Dougall Sergio A. Dzib Ralph P. Eatough Razieh Emami Heino Falcke Joseph Farah Edward Fomalont H. Alyson Ford Marianna Foschi Raquel Fraga-Encinas William T. Freeman Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Antonio Fuentes Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto Garc\'ia Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Roman Gold Arturo I. G\'omez-Ruiz Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Daryl Haggard Kari Haworth Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Dirk Heumann Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jim\'enez-Rosales Svetlana Jorstad Abhishek V. Joshi Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Dong-Jin Kim Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Junhan Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Prashant Kocherlakota Yutaro Kofuji Shoko Koyama Carsten Kramer Joana A. Kramer Michael Kramer Cheng-Yu Kuo Noemi La Bella Tod R. Lauer Daeyoung Lee Po Kin Leung Aviad Levis Zhiyuan Li Rocco Lico Greg Lindahl Michael Lindqvist Jun Liu Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Laurent Loinard Colin J. Lonsdale Amy E. Lowitz Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Nicola Marchili Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iv\'an Mart\'i-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Daniel Michalik Izumi Mizuno Yosuke Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Wanga Mulaudzi Cornelia M\"uller Hendrik M\"uller Alejandro Mus Gibwa Musoke Ioannis Myserlis Andrew Nadolski Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Antonios Nathanail Santiago Navarro Fuentes Joey Neilsen Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Michael A. Nowak Junghwan Oh Hiroki Okino H\'ector R. Olivares S\'anchez Gisela N. Ortiz-Le\'on Tomoaki Oyama Feryal \"ozel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Harriet Parsons Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Pi\'etu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Felix M. P\"otzl Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-L\'opez Giacomo Principe Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Angelo Ricarte Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Cristina Romero-Ca\~nizales Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Ignacio Ruiz Chet Ruszczyk Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador S\'anchez David S\'anchez-Arg\"uelles Miguel S\'anchez-Portal Mahito Sasada Kaushik Satapathy F. Peter Schloerb Jonathan Schonfeld Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Le\'on David Sosapanta Salas Kamal Souccar Joshua S. Stanway He Sun Fumie Tazaki Alexandra J. Tetarenko Paul Tiede Michael Titus Pablo Torne Teresa Toscano Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Matthew Turk Ilse van Bemmel Huib J. van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jesse Vos Jan Wagner Derek Ward-Thompson John Wardle Jasmin E. Washington Jonathan Weintroub Robert Wharton Kaj Wiik Gunther Witzel Michael F. Wondrak George N. Wong Qingwen Wu Nitika Yadlapalli Paul Yamaguchi Aristomenis Yfantis Doosoo Yoon Andr\'e Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Wei Yu Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Shuo Zhang Guang-Yao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao
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classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GAastro-ph.IM
keywords frequencyobservingbrightnessdatamodeltemperaturevlbiblack
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The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-K\"onigl (BK) jet model. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Then, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Our results indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations.

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