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arxiv: 2504.13855 · v1 · submitted 2025-03-21 · 💻 cs.HC · cs.ET

Bio-crafting Architecture: Experiences of growing mycelium in minimal surface molds

Anca-Simona Horvath , Alina Elena Voinea , Radu Arie\c{s}an This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 22:59 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.HC cs.ET
keywords mycelium3D printingminimal surfacesbio-materialsliving materialsarchitecture workshopbiophilia
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0 comments X

The pith

3D-printed minimal surfaces from wood-based filaments function as structural cores for mycelium composites that bind to the filament.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports a three-week workshop in which architecture students designed and 3D-printed minimal surfaces using wood-based filaments, then used those prints as molds to grow mycelium. It records successful growth across shapes, the binding of mycelium to the filament, and the emotional responses of participants who interacted with the living material. Public interviews after an exhibition highlight practical concerns such as mold, fragility, and cost alongside speculation about future bio-technologies. The work establishes that the printed minimal surfaces serve as viable structural cores while revealing mixed biophilic and biophobic reactions to living versus non-living materials.

Core claim

3D-printed minimal surfaces with wood-based filaments can function as structural cores for mycelium-based composites, mycelium binds to the filament, workshop participants show stronger feelings toward living materials than non-living ones, and members of the public weigh pragmatic issues against positive expectations for bio-technology.

What carries the argument

Minimal surface molds 3D-printed from wood-based filaments that serve as both growth forms and structural cores for mycelium composites.

If this is right

  • Mycelium composites can be combined directly with 3D-printed wood-filament forms for architectural elements.
  • Designers and users experience stronger emotional engagement with living materials than with inert ones.
  • Public discussion of bio-materials centers on practical drawbacks yet remains optimistic about their future role in daily life.
  • Ethical considerations may shape research directions even when overall attitudes toward the technology stay favorable.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Scaling the same minimal-surface approach to larger building components would require testing long-term structural performance and moisture resistance.
  • Public acceptance of mycelium products may depend more on addressing visible issues like mold than on technical performance alone.
  • Similar workshop formats could be used to compare mycelium growth across other filament types or surface geometries.

Load-bearing premise

The specific workshop conditions, growth results, and interview answers from a small self-selected group of students and exhibition visitors represent transferable insights about mycelium behavior and wider public perceptions of bio-materials.

What would settle it

Repeated trials under the same printing and growth conditions in which mycelium fails to bind to the wood filament or produces consistently different structural outcomes.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2504.13855 by Alina Elena Voinea, Anca-Simona Horvath, Radu Arie\c{s}an.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Axonometric views of 16 minimal surfaces. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The steps taken during the workshop 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: 3D printed minimal surfaces before being impregnated with mycelium. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Exhibition of workshop results including images showing the opening vernisage. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Exhibition of workshop results. feelings about interacting with living materials for designed products. The interviews lasted between 30 and 45 minutes, were conducted online, and were transcribed by the same author. We printed flyers that were placed in the exhibition venue where we invited audience members to participate in an interview focusing on their perception of bio-materials for design and their o… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The resulting bricks after being impregnated with mycelium and baked, and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Details of resulting bricks after being impregnated with mycelium, and baked. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Details of resulting bricks after being impregnated with mycelium, and baked. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Details of resulting bricks after being impregnated with mycelium, and baked. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The resulting bricks after being impregnated with mycelium and baked. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_10.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This study documents a three-week workshop with architecture students, where we designed and 3D printed various minimal surfaces using wood-based filaments, and used them as molds in which to grow mycelium. We detail the design process and the growth of the mycelium in different shapes, together with participants' experiences of working with a living material. After exhibiting the results of the work in a public-facing exhibition, we conducted interviews with members of the general public about their perceptions on interacting with a material such as mycelium in design. Our findings show that 3D-printed minimal surfaces with wood-based filaments can function as structural cores for mycelium-based composites and mycelium binds to the filament. Participants in the workshop exhibited stronger feelings for living materials compared to non-living ones, displaying both biophilia and, to a lesser extent, biophobia when interacting with the mycelium. Members of the general public discuss pragmatic aspects including mold, fragility, or production costs, and speculate on the future of bio-technology and its impact on everyday life. While all are positive about the impact on bio-technologies on the future, they have diverging opinions on how much ethical considerations should influence research directions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports on a three-week workshop with architecture students who designed and 3D-printed minimal surfaces from wood-based filaments to serve as molds for mycelium growth. It describes the fabrication process, observed mycelium growth in the molds, student participants' experiential responses to the living material, and follow-up interviews with exhibition visitors on public perceptions of mycelium in design. The headline findings are that the printed minimal surfaces function as structural cores with mycelium binding to the filament, that workshop participants displayed stronger emotional engagement (biophilia and some biophobia) with living versus non-living materials, and that the public raises pragmatic concerns (mold, fragility, cost) while remaining positive about bio-technology futures with divergent views on ethical oversight.

Significance. If the methodological gaps are addressed, the work offers a useful exploratory case study at the intersection of digital fabrication, bio-materials, and human-material interaction. Documenting both the technical outcomes of mycelium growth on wood-filament minimal surfaces and the qualitative experiential data from a design workshop plus public engagement provides concrete examples that could inform future bio-design curricula and public-facing applications. The integration of fabrication experiments with interview themes is a constructive contribution to the human-centered aspects of living materials research.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / Findings] Abstract (findings paragraph) and workshop/interview sections: The claims that 'participants in the workshop exhibited stronger feelings for living materials' and that 'members of the general public discuss pragmatic aspects' rest on qualitative observations, yet the manuscript supplies no participant counts, recruitment details, interview protocol, duration, or analysis method (e.g., thematic coding approach). These omissions are load-bearing because they prevent evaluation of whether the reported themes are representative or transferable beyond the specific self-selected cohort.
  2. [Workshop description / Results] Growth and exhibition sections: The assertion that '3D-printed minimal surfaces with wood-based filaments can function as structural cores for mycelium-based composites and mycelium binds to the filament' is presented as a finding, but the text provides no environmental controls, growth duration consistency, replication across prints, or any metric (qualitative or quantitative) of binding strength or structural performance. Without these, the claim reduces to an unverified observation from a single workshop run.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and introduction could more explicitly separate the technical fabrication outcomes from the experiential and interview findings to improve readability.
  2. [Figures] Figure captions and captions for growth photographs should include scale bars, filament type, and growth time to allow readers to interpret the visual evidence.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback highlighting areas where methodological transparency can be strengthened. We address each major comment point by point below, indicating planned revisions to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / Findings] Abstract (findings paragraph) and workshop/interview sections: The claims that 'participants in the workshop exhibited stronger feelings for living materials' and that 'members of the general public discuss pragmatic aspects' rest on qualitative observations, yet the manuscript supplies no participant counts, recruitment details, interview protocol, duration, or analysis method (e.g., thematic coding approach). These omissions are load-bearing because they prevent evaluation of whether the reported themes are representative or transferable beyond the specific self-selected cohort.

    Authors: We agree these details are necessary for assessing the scope and transferability of the qualitative findings. We will add a dedicated Methods section (or subsection) that reports the number of student participants and public interviewees, describes the recruitment process, provides the interview protocol and approximate durations, and outlines the thematic analysis approach (including how codes were developed and applied). This will allow readers to better evaluate the reported themes. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Workshop description / Results] Growth and exhibition sections: The assertion that '3D-printed minimal surfaces with wood-based filaments can function as structural cores for mycelium-based composites and mycelium binds to the filament' is presented as a finding, but the text provides no environmental controls, growth duration consistency, replication across prints, or any metric (qualitative or quantitative) of binding strength or structural performance. Without these, the claim reduces to an unverified observation from a single workshop run.

    Authors: The growth observations derive from a single exploratory workshop iteration conducted under standard ambient conditions without systematic environmental controls, repeated trials, or quantitative testing of binding or structural properties. We will revise the relevant findings and abstract language to frame these as preliminary observational outcomes from the described process rather than generalizable claims. We will also add an explicit Limitations subsection noting the absence of controlled replication and mechanical metrics. We cannot supply new quantitative data or replication results that were not collected during the original workshop. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely descriptive qualitative report with no derivations or fitted claims

full rationale

The paper reports a three-week student workshop, mycelium growth observations in 3D-printed molds, and public interviews. It contains no equations, parameters, predictions, or derivations of any kind. All statements are direct descriptions of observed processes and collected opinions; none reduce by construction to prior inputs, self-citations, or fitted values. The transferability limitation noted by the skeptic is a standard external-validity concern for small qualitative studies, not an instance of circular reasoning within the paper's own logic.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a qualitative case study with no mathematical content; the central claims rest on standard assumptions in design research that workshop observations and small-scale interviews yield valid experiential insights, with no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities introduced.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5750 in / 1243 out tokens · 107402 ms · 2026-05-22T22:59:29.823823+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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