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Proca Stars: gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates of massive spin 1 particles

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arxiv 1508.05395 v1 pith:H5FRJ2TN submitted 2015-08-21 gr-qc astro-ph.HEhep-thnlin.PS

classification gr-qcastro-ph.HEhep-thnlin.PS
keywords starsbosonprocasymmetricabeliancaseestablishfield
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abstract

We establish that massive complex Abelian vector fields (mass $\mu$) can form gravitating solitons, when minimally coupled to Einstein's gravity. Such Proca stars (PSs) have a stationary, everywhere regular and asymptotically flat geometry. The Proca field, however, possesses a harmonic time dependence (frequency $w$), realizing Wheeler's concept of geons for an Abelian spin 1 field. We obtain PSs with both a spherically symmetric (static) and an axially symmetric (stationary) line element. The latter form a countable number of families labelled by an integer $m\in \mathbb{Z}^+$. PSs, like (scalar) boson stars, carry a conserved Noether charge, and are akin to the latter in many ways. In particular, both types of stars exist for a limited range of frequencies and there is a maximal ADM mass, $M_{max}$, attained for an intermediate frequency. For spherically symmetric PSs (rotating PSs with $m=1,2,3$), $M_{max}\simeq 1.058 M_{Pl}^2/\mu$ ($M_{max}\simeq 1.568,\, 2.337, \, 3.247 \, M_{Pl}^2/\mu$), slightly larger values than those for (mini-)boson stars. We establish perturbative stability for a subset of solutions in the spherical case and anticipate a similar conclusion for fundamental modes in the rotating case. The discovery of PSs opens many avenues of research, reconsidering five decades of work on (scalar) boson stars, in particular as possible dark matter candidates.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    hep-ph 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

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  11. The continuum spectrum of nonrelativistic multi-frequency Proca stars

    gr-qc 2026-03 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    At fixed particle number, spherical multi-frequency Proca stars form continuous 1- and 2-parameter families interpolating between discrete stationary states, and a subset with a nodeless component is linearly stable.

  12. Boson Stars in Bumblebee Gravity and Their Gravitational Waveforms from Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals

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    In bumblebee gravity, the Lorentz-violating parameter ℓ makes mini-boson stars more compact for positive ℓ and produces LISA-detectable, sustained EMRI waveforms for penetrating orbits.

  13. Localized Electromagnetic Perturbations on Vector Solitons

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    Proca balls in a theory with gauge kinetic coupling support a localized spherically symmetric electromagnetic vibrational mode whose spectrum has a delocalization gap and a revival branch.

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