Limits on Simultaneous and Delayed Optical Emission from Well-localized Fast Radio Bursts

We present the largest compilation to date of optical observations during and following fast radio bursts (FRBs). The data set includes our dedicated simultaneous and follow-up observations, as well as serendipitous archival survey observations, for a sample of 15 well-localized FRBs: eight repeating and seven one-off sources. Our simultaneous (and nearly simultaneous with a $0.4$ s delay) optical observations of 13 (1) bursts from the repeating FRB 20220912A provide the deepest such limits to date for any extragalactic FRB, reaching a luminosity limit of $\nu L_\nu\lesssim 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$ ($\lesssim 2\times10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$) with $15-400$ s exposures; an optical-flux-to-radio-fluence ratio of $f_{\rm opt}/F_{\rm radio}\lesssim 10^{-7}$ ms$^{-1}$ ($\lesssim 10^{-8}$ ms$^{-1}$); and flux ratio of $f_{\rm opt}/f_{\rm radio}\lesssim 0.02-\lesssim 2\times 10^{-5}$ ($\lesssim 10^{-6}$) on millisecond to second timescales. These simultaneous limits provide useful constraints in the context of FRB emission models, such as the pulsar magnetosphere and pulsar nebula models. Interpreting all available optical limits in the context of the synchrotron maser model, we find that they constrain the flare energies to $\lesssim 10^{43}-10^{49}$ erg (depending on the distances of the various repeating FRBs, with $\lesssim 10^{39}$ erg for the Galactic SGR 1935+2154). These limits are generally at least an order of magnitude larger than those inferred from the FRBs themselves, although in the case of FRB 20220912A our simultaneous and rapid follow-up observations severely restrict the model parameter space. We conclude by exploring the potential of future simultaneous and rapid-response observations with large optical telescopes.