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Prospects for measuring the longitudinal particle distribution of cosmic-ray air showers with SKA
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abstract
We explore the possibilities of measuring the longitudinal profile of individual air showers beyond $X_{\rm max}$ when using very dense radio arrays such as SKA. The low-frequency part of the Square Kilometre Array, to be built in Australia, features an enormous antenna density of about $50,000$ antennas in the inner core region of radius 500 m, with a frequency band from 50 to 350 MHz. From CoREAS simulations, a SKA-Low antenna model plus noise contributions, and adapted LOFAR analysis scripts, we obtain a resolution in the shower maximum $X_{\rm max}$ and energy that is considerably better than at LOFAR. Already from this setup, we show that at least one additional parameter of the longitudinal profile can be measured. This would improve mass composition analysis by measuring an additional composition-dependent quantity. Moreover, it would offer an opportunity to discriminate between the different predictions of hadronic interaction models, hence contributing to hadronic physics at energy levels beyond man-made accelerators.
Forward citations
Cited by 4 Pith papers
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Likelihood Reconstruction for Radio Detectors of Neutrinos and Cosmic Rays
A multivariate-normal likelihood with a circulant noise covariance, derived from the noise spectrum, improves radio-detector reconstruction of neutrino and cosmic-ray parameters and yields correctly covered event-by-e...
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SMIET: Fast and accurate synthesis of radio pulses from extensive air shower using simulated templates
SMIET synthesizes air-shower radio pulses in seconds from one simulated shower, matching CoREAS amplitudes within about 4-6% when the shower maximum is within 100 g/cm2.
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A LOFAR-style reconstruction of cosmic-ray air showers with SKA-Low
Applying LOFAR's reconstruction method to full SKA-Low simulations yields 5 to 8 g/cm2 precision on the air-shower maximum between 10^16.6 and 10^18 eV, with beamforming extending the range down to 10^16 eV.
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Electric field reconstruction with three polarizations for the radio detection of ultra-high energy particles
A noise-weighted chi-square minimization reconstructs air-shower electric fields from two or three antenna polarizations, with vertical polarization improving peak-amplitude precision by a factor of 3 to 5 in simulations.
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