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PIVOT: Iterative Visual Prompting Elicits Actionable Knowledge for VLMs

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arxiv 2402.07872 v1 pith:33N5IHA3 submitted 2024-02-12 cs.RO cs.CLcs.CVcs.LG

classification cs.ROcs.CLcs.CVcs.LG
keywords visualvlmsrobotictasksapproachcontroliterativepivot
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Vision language models (VLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across a variety of tasks, from logical reasoning to visual understanding. This opens the door to richer interaction with the world, for example robotic control. However, VLMs produce only textual outputs, while robotic control and other spatial tasks require outputting continuous coordinates, actions, or trajectories. How can we enable VLMs to handle such settings without fine-tuning on task-specific data? In this paper, we propose a novel visual prompting approach for VLMs that we call Prompting with Iterative Visual Optimization (PIVOT), which casts tasks as iterative visual question answering. In each iteration, the image is annotated with a visual representation of proposals that the VLM can refer to (e.g., candidate robot actions, localizations, or trajectories). The VLM then selects the best ones for the task. These proposals are iteratively refined, allowing the VLM to eventually zero in on the best available answer. We investigate PIVOT on real-world robotic navigation, real-world manipulation from images, instruction following in simulation, and additional spatial inference tasks such as localization. We find, perhaps surprisingly, that our approach enables zero-shot control of robotic systems without any robot training data, navigation in a variety of environments, and other capabilities. Although current performance is far from perfect, our work highlights potentials and limitations of this new regime and shows a promising approach for Internet-Scale VLMs in robotic and spatial reasoning domains. Website: pivot-prompt.github.io and HuggingFace: https://huggingface.co/spaces/pivot-prompt/pivot-prompt-demo.

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Cited by 27 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Prompting with the Future: Open-World Model Predictive Control with Interactive Digital Twins

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A VLM-driven model predictive controller that evaluates simulated future outcomes rendered from a physics-based digital twin.

  2. DINO-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in Vision Foundation Models

    cs.CV 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    DINO-R1 trains visual-prompt detectors with group-relative query rewards and KL regularization, improving zero-shot and fine-tuned detection over supervised fine-tuning.

  3. Vision Language Models Cannot Reason About Physical Transformation

    cs.AI 2026-03 accept novelty 6.5 of 10

    Current VLMs cannot maintain transformation-invariant representations of number, length, volume or size and instead rely on textual invariance priors that reverse on matched non-conserving controls.

  4. Weights or Skills? A Survey of Robot-Learning Techniques: from Action-Predicting Weights to Robots that Write their Own Skills

    cs.RO 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A taxonomy of robot learning on a weights-versus-skills axis, with a five-rung self-improvement ladder whose top cell (feedback plus memory plus search) holds only a few recent systems.

  5. World Action Planner: Generalizable Decision-Making with Action-Conditioned World Models

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pairing VLM-generated action proposals with rollouts from a pose-image-conditioned video world model yields high success rates in novel simulated manipulation tasks without end-to-end policy retraining.

  6. RoboInter1.5: A Holistic Intermediate Representation Suite for Embodied World Modeling and Robotic Manipulation

    cs.RO 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Dense per-frame intermediate representations (traces, masks, grasp poses, subtasks) improve embodied VQA, VLA action generation, and world-model video prediction in the new 230k-episode RoboInter-Data suite.

  7. Visual-Language-Guided Task Planning for Horticultural Robots

    cs.RO 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A vision-language model drives a simulated greenhouse robot through simple crop-inspection tasks with ~87% success, but long multi-target tasks collapse to under 10% success.

  8. EVE: A Generator-Verifier System for Generative Policies

    cs.RO 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Zero-shot VLM verifiers, ensembled and fused via guided diffusion, improve frozen generative robot policies' success rates by 1-2 percentage points on simulated manipulation tasks.

  9. SpatialThinker: Reinforcing Scene Graph-Grounded Spatial Reasoning via Dense Rewards

    cs.CV 2025-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Dense scene-graph-grounded rewards let a 7B multimodal LLM trained on 7K synthetic questions beat SFT and sparse-RL baselines and outscore GPT-4o on average across 12 spatial/real-world benchmarks.

  10. TANGO: Traversability-Aware Navigation with Local Metric Control for Topological Goals

    cs.RO 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A navigation pipeline that bridges object-level global planning with traversability-aware local control, using only RGB images and pretrained models, improves success over prior zero-shot and learned baselines in simulation.

  11. CAST: Counterfactual Labels Improve Instruction Following in Vision-Language-Action Models

    cs.RO 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Counterfactual language-action relabeling raises instruction-following success from about 26% to 53% in real-world navigation tests.

  12. AimBot: A Simple Auxiliary Visual Cue to Enhance Spatial Awareness of Visuomotor Policies

    cs.RO 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Overlaying end-effector-derived shooting lines and reticles on RGB images consistently raises success rates of visuomotor policies, especially on long-horizon manipulation tasks.

  13. RAGNet: Large-scale Reasoning-based Affordance Segmentation Benchmark towards General Grasping

    cs.CV 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A multi-domain affordance benchmark with 273k images and 26k reasoning instructions is introduced, together with a VLM-based grasping pipeline that shows strong zero-shot affordance segmentation and real-robot performance.

  14. Temporal Chain of Thought: Long-Video Understanding by Thinking in Frames

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    TCoT uses a single VLM to select question-relevant video frames from segments, then answers from that curated context, improving video QA accuracy across four benchmarks and three VLMs.

  15. T-Rex: Task-Adaptive Spatial Representation Extraction for Robotic Manipulation with Vision-Language Models

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A zero-training framework that adaptively selects spatial representation extractors per object and per task stage improves real-world robot manipulation success and efficiency over fixed-representation baselines.

  16. Casper: Inferring Diverse Intents for Assistive Teleoperation with Vision Language Models

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A VLM-powered assistive teleoperation system infers diverse user intents from teleoperation snippets and executes them with a skill library, outperforming baselines on real-world mobile manipulation tasks.

  17. AntiGrounding: Lifting Robotic Actions into VLM Representation Space for Decision Making

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    AntiGrounding lifts candidate robot trajectories into the VLM's visual space via multi-view rendering and structured VQA, and reports 57.5% average success across eight manipulation tasks, beating three intermediate-r...

  18. UAD: Unsupervised Affordance Distillation for Generalization in Robotic Manipulation

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    UAD distills affordance knowledge from vision-language models and DINOv2 features into a lightweight task-conditioned model that predicts pixel-level manipulation regions and improves few-shot imitation learning gener...

  19. Green for Go, Red for No: Visual Grounding via Semantic Segmentation for VLA Navigation Policies

    cs.CV 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    Real-time SegFormer green/red overlays reduce OmniVLA far-waypoint error 27-44% on Grand Tour language goals mainly by shortening trajectories, with little help for image goals.

  20. IMBench: A Benchmark for Intuitive Robotic Manipulation

    cs.RO 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    IMBench is a 35-task robosuite benchmark with a three-stage evaluation showing current VLMs and robot policies fail to convert physical reasoning into executable manipulation.

  21. Sem-NaVAE: Semantically-Guided Outdoor Mapless Navigation via Generative Trajectory Priors

    cs.RO 2026-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A lightweight CLIPSeg semantic scorer selects among 200 CVAE-generated trajectories, giving 90% success on 120-240 m mapless outdoor routes.

  22. OWMM-Agent: Open World Mobile Manipulation With Multi-modal Agentic Data Synthesis

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A vision-language model fine-tuned on 572K synthetic simulation examples improves open-world mobile manipulation action decisions and object grounding over GPT-4o, with 21.9% full-task success in simulation and 90% ac...

  23. MOSU: Autonomous Long-range Robot Navigation with Multi-modal Scene Understanding

    cs.RO 2025-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    MOSU improves outdoor robot traversability by about 10% over prior state-of-the-art on the GND benchmark by fusing geometric, semantic, and vision-language-model scores for candidate trajectories.

  24. LoHoVLA: A Unified Vision-Language-Action Model for Long-Horizon Embodied Tasks

    cs.RO 2025-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A unified vision-language-action model that emits a sub-task description followed by a discrete action token outperforms modular and action-only baselines on simulated long-horizon tabletop tasks.

  25. Visual Prompting for Robotic Manipulation with Annotation-Guided Pick-and-Place Using ACT

    cs.RO 2025-08 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    A pick-and-place system overlays bounding boxes on camera images, trains an ACT transformer on human demonstrations, and reports 80% to 100% success rates across three retail scenarios.

  26. Foundation Model Driven Robotics: A Comprehensive Review

    cs.RO 2025-07 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    A review of foundation-model-driven robotics that synthesizes recent work across perception, planning, control, HRI, simulation, and sim-to-real transfer, and highlights open challenges.

  27. CodeDiffuser: Attention-Enhanced Diffusion Policy via VLM-Generated Code for Instruction Ambiguity

    cs.RO 2025-06

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