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Large Language Models are Vulnerable to Bait-and-Switch Attacks for Generating Harmful Content

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arxiv 2402.13926 v1 pith:TOHG7SUA submitted 2024-02-21 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords contentllmsattacksgeneratingsafebait-and-switchevenharmful
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The risks derived from large language models (LLMs) generating deceptive and damaging content have been the subject of considerable research, but even safe generations can lead to problematic downstream impacts. In our study, we shift the focus to how even safe text coming from LLMs can be easily turned into potentially dangerous content through Bait-and-Switch attacks. In such attacks, the user first prompts LLMs with safe questions and then employs a simple find-and-replace post-hoc technique to manipulate the outputs into harmful narratives. The alarming efficacy of this approach in generating toxic content highlights a significant challenge in developing reliable safety guardrails for LLMs. In particular, we stress that focusing on the safety of the verbatim LLM outputs is insufficient and that we also need to consider post-hoc transformations.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systems

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic review that categorizes LLM threats, severity scores, and mitigations across development and operation life cycles and multiple deployment scenarios.

  2. Towards Trustworthy AI: Characterizing User-Reported Risks across LLMs "In the Wild"

    cs.CY 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Across seven AI chatbots, Reddit users report mostly reliability failures, with each chatbot showing a distinct pattern of safety, privacy, and security complaints.

  3. Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Sparse autoencoder activation perturbation (SFPF) applied on top of existing jailbreak prompts raises attack success rate on Qwen3-32B, but with no defense evaluation and weak reproducibility.

  4. Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLM

    cs.CL 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    The submission's abstract promises an LLM safety survey, but the provided body is the opening page of an unrelated arithmetic-dynamics paper, so the artifact is internally inconsistent.

  5. A Technical Survey of Reinforcement Learning Techniques for Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey of RL methods for LLMs that organizes the field by reward modeling, feedback source, and optimization strategy, with benchmark tables favoring a scalar-regression UNA variant over DPO and KTO in offline alignment.

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