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What's in a Name? Auditing Large Language Models for Race and Gender Bias

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arxiv 2402.14875 v3 pith:7MVBGWDG submitted 2024-02-21 cs.CL cs.AIcs.CYcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.CYcs.LG
keywords modelsbiasespromptacrossadviceassociatedlanguagelarge
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We employ an audit design to investigate biases in state-of-the-art large language models, including GPT-4. In our study, we prompt the models for advice involving a named individual across a variety of scenarios, such as during car purchase negotiations or election outcome predictions. We find that the advice systematically disadvantages names that are commonly associated with racial minorities and women. Names associated with Black women receive the least advantageous outcomes. The biases are consistent across 42 prompt templates and several models, indicating a systemic issue rather than isolated incidents. While providing numerical, decision-relevant anchors in the prompt can successfully counteract the biases, qualitative details have inconsistent effects and may even increase disparities. Our findings underscore the importance of conducting audits at the point of LLM deployment and implementation to mitigate their potential for harm against marginalized communities.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. FairFund-Bench: Evaluating Distributive Bias in LLM Resource Allocation

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Audit format (rate vs rank vs allocate; transparent vs disguised) reverses the apparent direction of LLM demographic bias, while causal framing of need dominates allocations by roughly an order of magnitude.

  2. Fairness Is Not Enough: Auditing Competence and Intersectional Bias in AI-powered Resume Screening

    cs.CY 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Models that appear demographically neutral in AI resume screening can actually be incompetent evaluators, a pattern the paper calls the Illusion of Neutrality.

  3. More or Less Wrong: A Benchmark for Directional Bias in LLM Comparative Reasoning

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Comparative words in prompts can shift LLM answers toward the framed direction in simple arithmetic comparisons, with demographic terms amplifying the effect.

  4. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of LLM-based Public Opinion Simulation: Evaluating Chinese and U.S. Models on Diverse Societies

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Across U.S. and Chinese survey questions, DeepSeek, GPT-4o, Qwen2.5, and Llama-3.3 all show demographic overgeneralization, with no consistent home-field advantage for the Chinese model.

  5. The Biased Samaritan: LLM biases in Perceived Kindness

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Across ten commercial LLMs, demographic groups other than white male middle-aged were rated as more likely to help, while the control 'person' condition aligned with that majority baseline.

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