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CodeChameleon: Personalized Encryption Framework for Jailbreaking Large Language Models

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arxiv 2402.16717 v1 pith:SAGV6OD3 submitted 2024-02-26 cs.CL cs.AIcs.CR

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.CR
keywords encryptionllmspersonalizedcodechameleonframeworkgenerationhypothesisintent
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Adversarial misuse, particularly through `jailbreaking' that circumvents a model's safety and ethical protocols, poses a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). This paper delves into the mechanisms behind such successful attacks, introducing a hypothesis for the safety mechanism of aligned LLMs: intent security recognition followed by response generation. Grounded in this hypothesis, we propose CodeChameleon, a novel jailbreak framework based on personalized encryption tactics. To elude the intent security recognition phase, we reformulate tasks into a code completion format, enabling users to encrypt queries using personalized encryption functions. To guarantee response generation functionality, we embed a decryption function within the instructions, which allows the LLM to decrypt and execute the encrypted queries successfully. We conduct extensive experiments on 7 LLMs, achieving state-of-the-art average Attack Success Rate (ASR). Remarkably, our method achieves an 86.6\% ASR on GPT-4-1106.

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Forward citations

Cited by 16 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Do LLMs Know Their Vulnerable Scenarios?

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Scenario jailbreaks suppress refusal via internal concept directions; Concept2Scenario attributes those concepts with SAEs and turns them into transferable natural-language attack scenarios.

  2. RoguePrompt: Dual-Layer Encoding for Self-Reconstruction to Circumvent LLM Moderation

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    RoguePrompt, a Vigenère+ROT13 self-reconstruction jailbreak, achieves 70.18% execution@3 and 93.93% bypass@3 across GPT-4o, Claude 3 Opus, and Gemini 1.5 Pro on 313 StrongREJECT prompts.

  3. MJ: Multi-turn LLM Jailbreaking via Decomposed Credit Assignment

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Turn-level group-relative credit assignment (immediate plus future return) trains multi-turn jailbreak attackers that reach about 98% ASR5@3, beating prior multi-turn methods by roughly 11 points.

  4. Execution-Grounded Security Testing for Coding Agents in Software Engineering Pipelines

    cs.AI 2026-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Disguising unsafe operations as routine software-engineering tests makes coding agents execute them at high verified rates, revealing a gap between language-layer refusal and execution-layer harm.

  5. SoK: Systematizing LLM Prompt Security: Taxonomies, Datasets, and Unified Evaluation of Attacks and Defenses

    cs.CR 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systemization of LLM jailbreak security that adds linked taxonomies, an evaluation platform, and JailbreakDB, while its main attack–defense comparison results remain deferred.

  6. ASTRA: Autonomous Spatial-Temporal Red-teaming for AI Software Assistants

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ASTRA is an automated red-teaming agent that uses knowledge-graph-guided spatial and temporal probing to find 11-66% more safety violations in AI coding assistants than existing tools.

  7. PUZZLED: Jailbreaking LLMs through Word-Based Puzzles

    cs.AI 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    PUZZLED masks harmful keywords as word-search, anagram, or crossword puzzles and achieves a reported 88.8% average attack success rate across five leading LLMs.

  8. Implicit Jailbreak Attacks via Cross-Modal Information Concealment on Vision-Language Models

    cs.LG 2025-05 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    IJA hides a malicious instruction in image steganography and uses a benign extraction prompt plus iterative template refinement to make multimodal LLMs execute it.

  9. QueryAttack: Jailbreaking Aligned Large Language Models Using Structured Non-natural Query Language

    cs.CR 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    QueryAttack converts harmful natural-language requests into structured SQL or programming-language templates that aligned LLMs answer with harmful instructions, without needing to decrypt the output.

  10. Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Sparse autoencoder activation perturbation (SFPF) applied on top of existing jailbreak prompts raises attack success rate on Qwen3-32B, but with no defense evaluation and weak reproducibility.

  11. Towards terahertz nanomechanics

    physics.app-ph 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Suspended Lamb-wave resonators in lithium niobate films thinned from 300 nm to 67 nm reach 220 GHz, doubling the prior record.

  12. Beyond Surface-Level Detection: Towards Cognitive-Driven Defense Against Jailbreak Attacks via Meta-Operations Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A jailbreak defense that reasons about hidden manipulations in attack prompts, trained with supervised fine-tuning plus entropy-guided reinforcement learning, generalizes to attacks never seen in training.

  13. SEALGuard: Safeguarding the Multilingual Conversations in Southeast Asian Languages for LLM Software Systems

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A LoRA-adapted SeaLLM model detects unsafe and jailbreak prompts in nine Southeast Asian languages with 97% recall and 98% F1 on the authors' new SEALSBench benchmark, far above zero-shot LlamaGuard.

  14. We Should Identify and Mitigate Third-Party Safety Risks in MCP-Powered Agent Systems

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    MCP-powered LLM agents are vulnerable to prompt injection from third-party services, and simple detection or filtering defenses do not reliably stop these attacks.

  15. Should LLM Safety Be More Than Refusing Harmful Instructions?

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    LLMs that can decrypt common ciphers show safety failures split across two dimensions, refusing too much or generating unsafe output, and current defenses fix one side while breaking the other.

  16. One Model Transfer to All: On Robust Jailbreak Prompts Generation against LLMs

    cs.CR 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ArrAttack fine-tunes a judge on the SmoothLLM defense, uses it to filter rewriting-attack data, and trains a generator that produces jailbreak prompts transferring across defenses.

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